“平、剖面三维联动编辑”的实现途径

基于对平、剖面三维联动编辑的概念、动因的探讨及相关研究成果的认识,提出了平、剖面三维联动编辑的几何原理与实现途径,如:地质曲面的表达、基于等高线的曲面构建、剖面图的构建、以及平面图与剖面图的联动修改方法。并对三维地质建模的需求、矿产资源勘探应提交的三维地质模型、三维地质建模的数据标准以及广义的三维联动编辑等问题进行了延伸讨论。认为平、剖面三维联动编辑可能成为三维建模软件推广应用中的"杀手级应用"。     

Evaluation of I-wall in New Orleans with back-calculated total stress soil parameters

This study back-calculated moduli and shear strength of soils in London Canal Ave., New Orleans, using full-scale load test data, and re-evaluated the behavior of the I-wall to explore how the existing levees and floodwalls may be reliably retrofitted and future levees and floodwalls may be designed. From the back-calculation, it turned out that the moduli of the field soils were mostly higher (1–12 times) than magnitudes appeared in Interagency Performance Evaluation Task Force (IPET). But the shear strength of a water-glazed Marsh layer in the gap turned out to be substantially lower (0.2–0.25 times) than the magnitude appeared in IPET. This much strength reduction was confirmed by field vane shear tests: tests with artificial water infiltration into the field vane hole presented immeasurably low disturbed strength and resulted in very high sensitivity that might contributed to the failure. This study also shows that the gap development and strength reduction in the water-glazed Marsh layer are two main causes of levee failure, which have been predicted in previous research. The stiffer-than-expected moduli of underlain layers did not affect the failure mechanism of the levee substantially because these underlain layers remained elastic. Therefore, retrofitting solutions should be the ones that may prevent the gap development and to reinforce the Marsh layer.     

Availability of coastal groundwater discharge as an alternative water resource in a large-scale reclaimed land,Korea

This study was conducted to identify the availability of coastal groundwater discharge (CGD), subsurface fluids flowing from inland through the coastal area to sea, as an alternative water resource for a large-scale reclaimed land. The behaviors of stable isotopes indicated that groundwater originated from inland precipitation and traveled as CGD along the coast line. Most of the groundwater samples collected from domestic wells installed along the old coast line were considered to be relatively fresh from the correlation analysis among chemical constituents. The average electrical conductivity (EC) values of the samples were identified as averaging 1,125–1,297 μS cm^?1, corresponding to appropriate crop growth. A weathered-rock layer in a small catchment within the reclaimed land was proved to be a main CGD pathway, with electrical resistivity anomalies ranging from 7 to 14 Ω m. Five monitoring wells were placed in this catchment to delineate the occurrence of CGD. Long-term vertical EC profiling results for the monitoring wells indicated that CGD occurs within a depth of 30 m below the ground surface. Annual monitoring data for groundwater level and EC demonstrated that the water quality of CGD was improved by introducing fresh terrestrial groundwater. A remarkable improvement in water quality (EC decrease of 900–1,600 μS cm^?1) of CGD was observed during the saline water pumping test that explains how CGD could be an alternative water resource for the reclaimed land.     

重庆涪陵页岩气勘查开发区环境地质调查进展

紧密结合国家非常规能源勘探开发的重大战略,聚焦重庆涪陵页岩气勘查开发区环境地质调查工作,总结了研究区岩溶发育特征与分布规律,评价了涪陵页岩气开发区区域水资源量和地下水质量。在此基础上,收集分析国内外资料,梳理了页岩气勘查开发所引发的6类环境(地质)问题及勘查、钻井、压裂、开采、闭井等5个阶段需关注的地质环境问题或风险等,其中涪陵页岩气勘查开发区主要诱发水土污染、地质灾害和大气污染等环境(地质)问题; 基本识别了2种地下水污染模式、3种污染类型及可能的地下水污染风险途径; 初步确定了涪陵页岩气勘查开发区污染指示性特征因子,并形成了页岩气勘查开发区地质环境影响评价指标体系,可指导页岩气勘查开发的环境地质调查。该研究为页岩气国家新型清洁能源的绿色开发和开发区生态文明建设提供支撑。     

表面接触角的测量及表面张力在宝玉石鉴定中的应用

表面张力是固体表面重要的物理化学参数之一,其大小与温度和界面两相物质的性质有关。基于Young方程的推导,使用接触角测量法计算固体表面张力已被广泛应用于表面科学和工程领域。宝玉石材料大多具有光洁的表面,在接触角测量的准确性方面较其他表面不均一的固体材料具有明显的技术优势。本文运用现代仪器(FTA200动态接触角测量仪)测量了15个天然和合成宝玉石品种(钻石、合成碳硅石、合成立方氧化锆、碧玺、托帕石、翡翠、琥珀等),以及经覆膜和充填2种处理方法的宝玉石样品(镀膜钻石、覆膜托帕石、覆膜翡翠、覆膜琥珀、充填碧玺)的表面接触角,并运用公式计算其表面张力。测试数据表明,不同品种宝玉石的接触角数值存在差异,如钻石的接触角值为56.68°,其仿制品立方氧化锆的接触角值为37.79°;覆膜处理与未经覆膜处理的天然宝玉石的接触角数值差异明显,如琥珀的接触角值为92.49°,覆膜琥珀的接触角值为66.49°;充填处理宝玉石接触角的测试由于控制液滴的大小受条件限制操作难度较大,测试结果不能准确表达为裂隙中充填物的接触角数值,故充填处理的宝石不宜采用此方法进行区分。研究表明,对于部分宝玉石品种和覆膜处理宝玉石,其表面接触角及表面张力数值差异显著,可以作为宝玉石品种的辅助鉴定依据;尤其是运用接触角的差异对于宝玉石鉴定具有较好的判别性,能够对不同品种的天然宝玉石与表面覆膜的宝玉石样品进行有效区分。与常规宝石检测方法(如红外光谱、折射率测量方法)对比,接触角测量方法具有测量准确、操作简便,不破坏样品的特点,符合宝玉石无损鉴定的基本原则,且能够安全快速地测量高折射率宝石,可以解决宝玉石表面覆膜等与表面物性相关的检测疑难问题。     

Early Neoproterozoic granulite facies metamorphism of mafic dykes from the Vestfold Block,east Antarctica

Proterozoic mafic dykes from the southwestern Vestfold Block experienced heterogeneous granulite facies metamorphism, characterized by spotted or fractured garnet‐bearing aggregates in garnet‐absent groundmass. The garnet‐absent groundmass typically preserves an ophitic texture composed of lathy plagioclase, intergranular clinopyroxene and Fe–Ti oxides. Garnet‐bearing domains consist mainly of a metamorphic assemblage of garnet, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, hornblende, biotite, plagioclase, K‐feldspar, quartz and Fe–Ti oxides. Chemical compositions and textural relationships suggest that these metamorphic minerals reached local equilibrium in the centre of the garnet‐bearing domains. Pseudosection calculations in the model system NCFMASHTO (Na₂O–CaO–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O–TiO₂–Fe₂O₃) yield P–T estimates of 820–870 °C and 8.4–9.7 kbar. Ion microprobe U–Pb zircon dating reveals that the NW‐ and N‐trending mafic dykes were emplaced at 1764 ± 25 and 1232 ± 12 Ma, respectively, whereas their metamorphic ages cluster between 957 ± 7 and 938 ± 9 Ma. The identification of granulite facies mineral inclusions in metamorphic zircon domains is also consistent with early Neoproterozoic metamorphism. Therefore, the southwestern margin of the Vestfold Block is inferred to have been buried to depths of ~30–35 km beneath the Rayner orogen during the late stage of the late Mesoproterozoic/early Neoproterozoic collision between the Indian craton and east Antarctica (i.e. the Lambert Terrane or the Ruker craton including the Lambert Terrane). The lack of penetrative deformation and intensive fluid–rock interaction in the rigid Vestfold Block prevented the nucleation and growth of garnet and resulted in the heterogeneous granulite facies metamorphism of the mafic dykes.     

桐柏山L构造岩的构造特征与形成环境探讨

桐柏山太白顶、殷店和天河口一带,发育有大量的L构造岩,拉伸线理极其发育,面理较弱,线理产状向南东东倾伏,倾伏角为1°～20°。桐柏山L构造岩具有以下主要特征：在三维空间上,L构造岩强烈发育杆状构造,这种“杆”状构造是由大量沿X轴方向定向排列连在一起的椭球体矿物构成的,其变形机制主要为石英的颗粒边界迁移和长石的位错蠕变,形成的平均压力为0.59GPa,平均温度为550 ℃～600 ℃,形成于中-高温-中压环境,变质相为高绿片岩相到低角闪岩相,形成深度大致在15～20 km,属于中地壳的产物。L构造岩在桐柏山的发现可能反映了桐柏山造山带中桐柏杂岩岩块相对两侧榴辉岩岩片具有近东西向挤出构造的特征。     

华北地台南缘霍邱安阳山地区八公山群地层时代归属（青白口纪）：来自碎屑锆石年代学的制约

分布于华北地台南缘,霍邱-固始交界安阳山地区的八公山群,由一套碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩组成。最近,人们在碳酸盐岩中发现、珊瑚等化石,确定灰岩时代为晚石炭世。但是,碎屑岩的地质时代仍然没有定论。碎屑岩由粉砂质泥岩、石英砂岩、粉砂岩等组成,厚度大于780 m。石英砂岩为中-厚层状,中细粒结构,成分成熟度和结构成熟度高,石英含量高达95%以上,属于滨海-陆棚沉积。应用LA-ICP-MS对石英砂岩中碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明,样品HQ2106和HQ2204最年轻的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄分别为860±22.2 Ma（YSG）,877±22.6 Ma（YSG）,前者代表了地层的最大沉积年龄,它们也得到锆石年龄加权平均值（YC1σ和YC2σ）的支持。因此,研究区八公山群碎屑岩地层时代属于青白口纪（拉伸纪）。该研究结果将为华北地台南缘前寒武纪地层划分对比以及构造演化历史重塑提供重要依据。     

Time-Varying Multifractal Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Loaded Coal Electromagnetic Radiation

Dynamic collapses of deeply mined coal rocks are severe threats to miners. To predict the collapses more accurately using electromagnetic radiation (EMR), we investigate the time-varying multifractal characteristics and formation mechanism of EMR induced by underground coal mining. A series of uniaxial compression and multi-stage loading experiments with coal samples of different mechanical properties were carried out. The EMR signals during their damage evolution were monitored in real-time; the inherent law of EMR time series was analyzed by fractal theory. The results show that the time-varying multifractal characteristics of EMR are determined by damage evolutions process, the dissipated energy caused by damage evolutions such as crack propagation, fractal sliding and shearing can be regard as the fingerprint of various EMR micro-mechanics. Based on the Irreversible thermodynamics and damage mechanics, we introduced the damage internal variable, constructed the dissipative potential function and established the coupled model of the EMR and the dissipative energy, which revealed the nature of dynamic nonlinear characteristics of EMR. Dynamic multifractal spectrum is the objective response of EMR signals, thus it can be used to evaluate the coal deformation and fracture process.     

声波测试法在判别地下厂房EDZ中的应用

洞室开挖不可避免地会损伤岩体, 对于规模巨大、布置异常复杂的水电地下厂房围岩尤甚, 合理地确定开控损伤区(EDZ)分布成为地下洞室的信息化设计、施工和安全运营的关键性问题.在引入EDZ概念及强EDZ、弱EDZ和基本未损区分区的基础上, 提出采用声波测试方法来确定强EDZ和弱EDZ的分布.将声波波速-深度曲线划分为Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型等3种曲线类型, 根据曲线特征点, 对EDZ进行定性、半定量的初判.根据波速计算得出的损伤因子D, 对强、弱EDZ和基本未损区进行定量的判别.首次提出的基于声波测试法, 定性、半定量和定量相结合的综合研判法具有创新性, 为客观评价地下洞室EDZ提供了科学的方法.