Air and water flows induced by pumping tests in unconfined aquifers with low‐permeability zones

Air flows from the atmosphere into an unconfined aquifer when the water table falls during pumping tests. Pumping test results in unconfined aquifers may be significantly affected by low‐permeability zones (LPZs) near the initial water table position, because they restrict the downward movement of air. A transient, three‐dimensional air–water two‐phase flow model is employed to investigate numerically the effects of local heterogeneity on pumping test results in unconfined aquifers. Two cases of local heterogeneities are considered herein: a LPZ around the pumping well and on one side of the pumping well. Results show that the drawdown with the LPZ is significantly greater than that of the homogeneous aquifer. The differences in drawdown are the most significant at intermediate times and gradually diminish at later times. The LPZ significantly reduces air flow from the atmosphere to the aquifer. The pore air velocity in the LPZ is very low. The air pressure at the observation point under the LPZ when air begins to enter is significantly lower than the air pressure of the homogeneous aquifer at the same point. After that, the air pressure increases quickly and then increases slowly. The time for the air pressure to reach the atmospheric pressure is significantly longer. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国东北的深源地震波形匹配检测及定位

中国东北珲春周边地区位于环太平洋地震带上,也是中国唯一存在的深源地震带.较大地震发生后常会有若干震级较小的余震发生,但在相同的地震震级情况下深源地震的余震一般比浅源地震的余震数量要少1~3个数量级,且在全球不同深震区的深震余震数量也存在显著差异.针对国际地震中心（ISC）2010年7月至2014年12月目录中给出的中国东北附近27次震源深度超过300 km的深源地震,我们首先利用区域固定地震台及NECsaids流动地震台阵的连续波形数据,选取已知地震事件作为模板,采用Match & Locate及Matched Filter方法进行波形互相关叠加分析来检测微小深震事件;然后对1966至2017年ISC目录中的东北地区深源地震进行双差重定位以提高震源位置的准确性,进一步分析深震活动与俯冲板片的关系.研究结果显示除ISC目录中给出的深震事件,我们未能检测出作为模板的深源地震的前震或余震活动,证明东北深源地震余震活动较少并不是由于台站分布有限而造成的漏检结果;重定位后震源延伸的角度与西太平洋板片在410~660 km地幔转换带内的俯冲角度较为一致,并且大部分深震震源位置位于俯冲板片中的亚稳态橄榄岩楔形区内部.结合双差定位结果、b值分析及前人研究成果,我们认为东北深源地震应不属于与俯冲非直接相关的"孤立地震",而是与西太平洋板块俯冲直接相关.     

仰卧位与左斜俯卧位低剂量腹部CT检查在阑尾病变显示中的对比分析

目的:探讨低剂量仰卧位与左斜俯卧位腹部CT检查对阑尾病变的显示率,以提高阑尾病变的诊断能力。方法:收集160例临床拟诊阑尾炎的患者随机分两组,行低剂量仰卧位与左斜俯卧位MSCT腹部检查,将影像诊断结果与术后病理进行对比分析。结果:采用低剂量左斜俯卧位扫描观察阑尾病变的敏感度、特异性及准确率明显高于低剂量仰卧位扫描(P<0.05)。结论:低剂量左斜俯卧位腹部CT检查可提高阑尾病变检出率,有助于阑尾早期病变的诊断。     

临潼地震台水温与远近场地震关系研究

系统分析临潼地震台水温20多年的连续观测数据变化特征,提取水温的正常动态与异常形态,及其与远、近场地震的关系,取得以下结果:水温较规则的夏高冬低的年周期动态特征,为正常动态;持续上升—转折下降及年周期消失属于异常动态;异常动态与青藏块体及其周缘M≥7.5远场大震以及该台所处的渭河盆地ML≥4地震存在较好的相关性.结果对揭示1988年以来青藏高原块体的地球动力学条件具有一定指示意义.     

Rainfall interception by tree crown and leaf litter: An interactive process

Rainfall interception research in forest ecosystems usually focuses on interception by either tree crown or leaf litter, although the 2 components interact when rainfall occurs. A process‐based study was conducted to jointly measure rainfall interception by crown and litter and the interaction between the 2 interception processes for 4 tree species (Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis represented needle‐leaf species, and Quercus variabilis and Acer truncatum represented broadleaf species) at 3 simulated rainfall intensities (10, 50, and 100 mm hr^?1). Results indicated that (a) crown and litter interception processes incorporated 3 phases: the dampening phase, the steady saturation phase, and the postrainfall drainage phase, but the dampening phase for litter interception usually lasted 30 min longer than for crown interception; (b) the maximum and minimum interception storage (C _max and C _min ) for the crown were 0.63 and 0.36 mm on average, and litter C _max and C _min were 5.38 and 2.36 mm, respectively; (c) generally, crown and litter C _max and C _min increased when gross precipitation increased significantly (p  < .05) from 10 to 100 mm; and (4) crown C _max and C _min for needle‐species were 1.8 and 1.2 times larger than broadleaf species, whereas broadleaf litter showed the opposite, its C _max and C _min were 2.0 and 1.6 times larger than needle‐leaf litter on average; however, no significant differences were observed in crown and litter C _max and C _min between species on per leaf area and litter thickness basis. Results were normalized by total leaf area and litter thickness to provide a way to scale up from young trees to mature forests. Overall, rainfall interception was affected by biotic and abiotic factors together and could be quantified via multiple linear regression functions.     

A Permanent Multilevel Monitoring and Sampling System in the Coastal Groundwater Mixing Zones

To study the spatial and temporal variability of water dynamics and chemical reactions within the coastal groundwater mixing zones (CGMZs), high‐resolution periodical and spatial groundwater sampling within CGMZs is needed. However, current samplers and sampling systems may require heavy driving machines to install. There is also possible contamination from the metal materials for current samplers and sampling systems. Here, a permanent multilevel sampling system is designed to sample coastal groundwater within CGMZs. This cost‐effective system consists of metal‐free materials and can be installed easily. The system is tested in Po Sam Pai and Tingkok, Tolo Harbor and Hong Kong. Major ions, nutrients, stable isotopes and radium and radon isotopes were analyzed and the data provided scientific information to study the fresh‐saltwater interface fluctuations, and temporal variations and spatial heterogeneity of geochemical processes occurred within CGMZs. The reliable spatial and temporal data from the sampling system demonstrate that the system functions well and can provide scientific data for coastal aquifer studies.     

京津唐张地区震级频度关系的空间扫描

对京津唐张地区地震震级频度关系进行空间扫描后,发现该区的震级频度关系有三种类型:第1类符合线性b值模型,第Ⅱ、第Ⅲ类符合特征震级模型。近22年来未发生大震的地区往往属第1类。大震区往往属第Ⅱ、Ⅲ类。岩石力学实验结果表明,在岩石破裂及破裂连结过程中声发射事件的震级频度关系符合高b值线性模型。在岩石伴有粘滑的摩擦滑动过程中声发射事件的震级频度关系符合低b值线性模型。但是在一个完整岩石的破裂和失稳错动全过程中声发射事件震级频度关系符合特征震级模型。由此说明某一区域的震级频度关系可能反映了该区构造变形所处的阶段。一个地区震级频度关系上的多次转折可能包含了地区构造几何信息。一些未发生大震的地区,在中等震级段出现b值非线性现象,这可能意味着它更接近失稳前的临界状态     

镶嵌试件表面位移场的全息显示

用激光全息干涉法研究了在单轴压力下的镶嵌试件的表面形变,显示了离面位移场的可见图象。发现在载荷达到破裂载荷的90%左右时,沿镶嵌边界出现剧烈形变带和宏观裂纹;当岩芯强度低于或等于外围介质强度时,这种剧烈形变带集中在岩芯以外的一侧;当岩芯强度高于外围介质强度时,这种剧烈形变带形成围空图象。镶嵌试件在一定程度上模拟了地壳的横向不均匀结构,观察它的表面形变过程有助于探讨震前地震活动图象的物理含义。     

辽宁省水氡点基本特征的研究

本文比较详细地总结了辽宁主要水氡点的基本特征(包括特征参量),并汇成总表。在占有多年水氡数据资料的基础上,研究了各主要水氡点的正常动态特征,认为一旦打破年变,在干扰排除基础上可考虑为前兆异常。同时,对每种动态类型的干扰因素做了初步分析,发现流量或抽水是多数水氡点的主要干扰因子。结合海城震例(或部分邻区震例资料),笔者探索了灵敏观测点应具有的水文地球化学条件,并初步得出一些结论。     

松嫩平原南缘现代沉积物磁化率、粒度、色度特征及古气候环境意义

深入了解松嫩平原第四纪古气候演化过程,对本区黑土退化的气候影响因素研究有重要理论意义。选择松嫩平原南缘大黑山地垒长春—四平段郭家（GJ）、湾沟（WG）、平安屯（PA）、腰分水岭旁（YP）、西地（XD）、胡家甸（H）、肖家（XJ）7个现代沉积剖面进行磁化率、粒度和色度分析。结果显示：各剖面沉积物磁化率多表现为干燥时期较大、湿润时期较小、寒冷阶段较大、温暖适宜阶段较小的特点。颜色对磁化率影响较大,不同颜色砂或砂质黏土的磁化率从大到小依次为红褐色→浅黄色或灰绿色→灰黑色。碳酸盐岩或灰岩物源的存在,使沉积物色度和磁化率之间的关系相对复杂。磁化率会随沉积物粒度增大而增大,冻融风化和降雨增多导致沉积物粒度增大,使磁化率升高;但温暖适宜时期,磁化率受物源供给量的减小而减小。磁化率、粒度和色度三指标综合反映出研究区早更新世寒冷干燥→中更新世冷湿—暖湿—冷湿→晚更新世寒冷较湿润的古气候环境演化过程。