Changes in air temperature over China in response to the recent global warming hiatus

The 1998-2012 global warming hiatus has aroused great public interest over the past several years. Based on the air temperature measurements from 622 meteorological stations in China, the temperature response to the global warming hiatus was analyzed at national and regional scales. We found that air temperature changed -0.221℃/10a during 1998-2012, which was lower than the long-term trend for 1960-1998 by 0.427℃/10a. Therefore, the warming hiatus in China was more pronounced than the global mean. Winter played a dominant role in the nationwide warming hiatus, contributing 74.13%, while summer contributed the least among the four seasons. Furthermore, the warming hiatus was spatial heterogeneous across different climate conditions in China. Comparing the three geographic zones, the monsoon region of eastern China, arid region of northwestern China, and high frigid region of the Tibetan Plateau, there was significant cooling in eastern and northwestern China. In eastern China, which contributed 53.79%, the trend magnitudes were 0.896℃/10a in winter and 0.134℃/10a in summer. In the Tibetan Plateau, air temperature increased by 0.204℃/10a, indicating a lack of a significant warming hiatus. More broadly, the warming hiatus in China may have been associated with the negative phase of PDO and reduction in sunspot numbers and total solar radiation. Finally, although a warming hiatus occurred in China from 1998 to 2012, air temperature rapidly increased after 2012 and will likely to continuously warm in the next few years.     

A Baseline Assessment of Coral Reef in Malacca Straits,Malaysia

Coral reefs along the Malacca Straits (MS) are poorly developed mainly due to turbidity and sedimentation. This study describes the health status and community structure of the corals in Cape Rachado, West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (WCPM), utilizing the Coral Video Transect (CVT) technique. All the survey transects were categorized as ‘fair’ coral conditions (27.39 ± 5.41%–48.56 ± 18.96%) with the reef floor mainly covered by corals and sediment. Twelve families of coral comprised of 25 distinct genera were identified. Coral communities were differentiated into four clusters with each being predominated by Galaxea, Diploastrea, Fungia and Pectinia respectively. Among all, Pectinia is the most spectacular genera and dominated the survey area. Along the MS, Favia, Favites and Porites are commonly found while Porites and Pectinia dominated the reefs. Low coral cover and diversity was recorded in MS as compared to the reefs in the South China Sea (SCS). The most prominent results include changes in the dominant coral from Porites to Pectinia while some species such as Acropora were absent from the study area. Based on the presented data, the reef in the study area was predominantly occupied by sediment and the coral communities were formed by a species with a high tolerance to turbidity and sedimentation.     

基于多位点分子标记和线粒体基因组学中国蚌类(蚌目:蚌超科)物种分类与系统进化研究

中国是东亚蚌类（蚌目：蚌超科）物种分布中心,共记录有26属.然而,在世界蚌目框架下,中国仍缺乏一个完整科学的蚌类分类系统.本研究基于多位点分子标记（COI、16S、28S）和线粒体基因组学重构聚焦于蚌超科的蚌目系统发育关系,ML、BI和BEAST系统发育结果均支持蚌科5亚科分类系统,即（（（Ambleminae+Gonideinae）+Rectidentinae）+Unioninae）+Parreysiinae;珍珠蚌科2亚科分类系统,即（Gibbosulinae+Margaritiferinae）;中国蚌类隶属蚌科4亚科（Gonideinae,Rectidentinae,Unioninae,Parreysiinae）13族和珍珠蚌科两亚科（Gibbosulinae,Margaritiferinae）.基于化石标定的分子钟显示：蚌科物种分化时间为中三叠世（median=232.07 Ma）,其中雕刻蚌亚科（Parreysiinae）起源和物种分化时间早于其他亚科;矩形蚌亚科（Rectidentinae）物种分化时间最晚,为晚白垩世（median=94.72 Ma）;小方蚌亚科（Ambleminae）和隆脊蚌亚科（Gonideinae）最近共同祖先分化于晚侏罗纪世（median=144.69 Ma）,珍珠蚌科起源于晚石炭世（median=312.61 Ma）,物种分化于晚白垩世（median=91.59 Ma）,中国蚌科现生物种最早起源时间可追溯到白垩纪（中国尖嵴蚌（Acuticosta chinensis）,median=114.36 Ma）.蚌超科线粒体基因重排分析显示：蚌超科线粒体基因组有4种基因排列方式（GO）,珍珠蚌科独享一种（GO1）;蚌科中Unioninae和Ambleminae共享一种（GO2）;Gonideinae有2种基因排列方式（GO3和GO4）,其中室蚌（Chamberlainia hainesiana）独享一种（GO4）,其余物种共享一种（GO3）.以往作为高阶元分类的贝壳形态、钩介幼虫形态以及育儿囊类型,并不能作为蚌科属及以上阶元分类依据.本研究重构了世界蚌目聚焦于蚌超科的系统发育关系和进化历史,建立了中国蚌类分类系统,为今后该类群区系多样性研究及资源保护提供了分类依据.     

福建省光泽县测家山-罗家坑一带萤石矿成矿地质特征及找矿潜力分析

光泽县测家山-罗家坑一带萤石矿位于闽西北萤石成矿带内的光泽司前-李坊萤石矿成矿远景区内,分布有罗家坑、测家山萤石矿,以及富家坪、早洲、测家山南萤石矿点和早洲东萤石矿(化)点;本文通过综合分析研究区地质背景,分析萤石矿的矿区、矿体地质特征,结合研究区地球物理、地球化学成果,认为区内萤石矿为沿断裂充填的中低温热液充填型萤石矿床,萤石矿主要分布于晚侏罗世花岗岩内的北东、北北东向,次为近南北向断裂构造中。该区具有很好的形成中低温热液充填型萤石矿床的条件,具有形成中大型萤石矿床的潜力。     

表面增暖形态决定了全球水汽加温度直减率反馈的不确定性

气候反馈通常是利用与全球平均表面温度升高相关的辐射效应变化来评估的。但是反馈的不确定性不仅仅是全球平均表面温度升高的函数。全球气候模式的预测表明,海表面温度变化的地域不同,给区域尺度上的大气环流和降水响应带来了重大不确定性。在本文中我们证明了表面增暖的空间格局是造成水汽-直减率综合反馈的不确定性的主要因素。基于运用辐射核理论计算的31个气候模型中,气温和相对湿度变化的全球平均辐射效应证明了这一观点。我们的结果突出了区域气候变化对气候反馈不确定性的重要贡献,并确定了世界上限制表面增暖形态对提高气候预测能力最有效的区域。     

我国水产品市场状况分析

文章分析了我国水产品市场的基本状况 ,认为目前我国水产品市场品种丰富 ,价格稳定。究其原因 ,主要是水产品流通体制的改革 ,水产品市场的开放 ,科技贡献率的提高 ,政府在渔业发展方向上的战略性调整和水产品对外贸易的快速发展。文章针对现阶段我国水产品市场存在的问题 ,特别是渔业资源及其生态环境破坏的负面影响及解决办法做了有益的探讨     

Mapping the permafrost stability on the Tibetan Plateau for 2005–2015

Data scarcity is a major obstacle for high-resolution mapping of permafrost on the Tibetan Plateau(TP).This study produces a new permafrost stability distribution map for the 2010 s(2005–2015)derived from the predicted mean annual ground temperature(MAGT)at a depth of zero annual amplitude(10–25 m)by integrating remotely sensed freezing degree-days and thawing degree-days,snow cover days,leaf area index,soil bulk density,high-accuracy soil moisture data,and in situ MAGT measurements from 237 boreholes on the TP by using an ensemble learning method that employs a support vector regression model based on distance-blocked resampled training data with 200 repetitions.Validation of the new permafrost map indicates that it is probably the most accurate of all currently available maps.This map shows that the total area of permafrost on the TP,excluding glaciers and lakes,is approximately 115.02(105.47–129.59)×10^4 km^2.The areas corresponding to the very stable,stable,semi-stable,transitional,and unstable types are 0.86×10^4,9.62×10^4,38.45×10^4,42.29×10^4,and 23.80×10^4 km^2,respectively.This new map is of fundamental importance for engineering planning and design,ecosystem management,and evaluation of the permafrost change in the future on the TP as a baseline.     

Assessing pollutions of soil and plant by municipal waste dump

Research is few in the literature regarding the investigation and assessment of pollutions of soil and plant by municipal waste dumps. Based upon previous work in seven waste dumping sites (nonsanitary landfills) in Beijing, Shanghai and Shijiazhuang, this study expounds the investigation and assessment method and report major pollutants. Using relative background values, this study assesses soil pollution degree in the seven dumping sites. Preliminary conclusions are: (1) pollution degrees are moderate or heavy; (2) pollution distance by domestic waste that is dumped on a plane ground is 85 m; (3) the horizontal transport distance of pollutants might be up to 120 m if waste leachates are directly connected with water in saturated soils; (4) vertical transport depth is about 3 m in unsaturated silty clayey soils. Furthermore, using relative background values and hygiene standards of food and vegetable this study assesses the pollutions of different parts of reed, sorghum, watermelon and sweet-melon. It is found: (1) in comparison with the relative background values in a large distance to the waste dumping sites, domestic wastes have polluted the roots and stems of reed and sorghum, whereas fine coal ash has polluted the leaves, rattans and fruits of watermelon and sweet-melon; (2) domestic wastes and fine coal ash have heavily polluted the edible parts of sorghum, water melon and sweet-melon. As, Hg, Pb and F have far exceeded standard values, e.g., Hg has exceeded the standard value by up to 650–1,700 times and Cd by 120–275 times, and the comprehensive pollution index is up to 192.9–369.7; (3) the polluted sorghum, watermelon and sweet-melon are inedible.     

中国大陆黑碳气溶胶排放清单

The detailed high-resolution emission inventory of black carbon (BC) from China in the year 2000 was calculated. The latest fuel consumption data including fossil and biomass fuels, and socio-economic statistics used were obtained from government agencies, mostly at the county level, and some new emission factors (Efs) from local measurements were also used. National and regional summaries of emissions were presented at 0.2°×0.2°resolution. Total BC emission was 1499.4 Gg in 2000, mainly due to the burning of coal and biomass. The BC emission estimated here is higher than those in previous studies, mainly because the emissions from coal burning by rural industries and residences were previously underestimated. More BC aerosols were emitted from eastern China than western China. A strong seasonal dependence was observed for BC emissions, with peaks in January and December and low emissions in July and August; and this seasonality is mainly due to patterns in residential heating and the open burning of crop residues.     

柴达木地区耕地后备资源调查评价初步研究

通过介绍柴达木地区耕地后备资源分布、数量及评价的原则、分类体系,评价标准,总结了该地区耕地后备资源开发存在问题,提出了耕地后备资源开发对策建议。