浅谈大陆构造-板块构造的回顾与反思

60年代提出的板块构造理论拓宽了人们的思路,给地球科学带来了活力。但是随着对大陆区域地质调查的深入,发现大陆板块与大洋板块差异很大,用刚性板块运动学理论不能解释大陆内部复杂的构造形变和板内地震活动。J. Dewey(1986)和P. Molnar(1988)相继提出大陆构造及其研究方法。我国青藏高原是一个典型而独特的大陆构造单元,是最强烈的板内形变带和地震活动区,同时是亚洲大气环流的启博器。青藏高原很可能成为新的地球科学理论的诞生地。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE INFLUENCE OFO3,CO2 AND SPECTRUM VARIATION ON THE PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF CROP CANOPY*

Coupled the photosynthesis with transpiration and adjustment of stoma,a dynamic ecological model for simulating the canopy photosynthesis of winter wheat was established by scaling up from the biochemical scale to canopy scale,in which the effects of O₃,CO₂ and solar spectrum on crop photosynthesis were fully considered.Validation of the model against the data measured with CI-301PS portable photosynthesis analyzer showed that the leaf photosynthesis model passed the correlation significance test and had a fairly high accuracy.Numerical analysis showed that the canopy photosynthesis rate would be reduced by 29% if the O₃ concentration increases from 0 ppbv to 200 ppbv,whereas the canopy photosynthesis rate would increase by about 37% while the CO₂ concentration increases from 330 ppmv to 660 ppmv,and the canopy photosynthesis rate would be reduced by 27%0 or so under the condition that the spectrum coefficient changed from 0.5 to 0.4.If the O₃ concentration reached 200 ppbv at noon on the typical sunny day with higher radiation,the canopy photosynthesis will be reduced slightly in the suburb area where the pollution is serious and the photochemical fog is easy to be formed,contrast with that in the clear region and regardless of the climate change,due to the fact that the positive effect of CO₂ on crop photosynthesis can not compensate the negative effect of O₃ on crop photosynthesis.The canopy photosynthesis will be reduced by 35% or so than the BASE value at present,when the spectrum of photosynthetic active radiation(PAR) reduces to 0.4 or so.     

冠层CO2分布廊线的农业气象数值模拟研究

本文将农田微气象模式与冬小麦冠层光合模式进行耦合，建立了一个具有较强机理的冬小麦冠层CO2分布廓线模式，冠层光合模式中考虑了气孔对叶片光合的调节作用，具有明确的生物学意义，实测资料验证表明，模式可以较准确地模拟拔节期冬小麦冠层CO2分布状况，平均相对误差为6．47％，数值分析表明：当冬小麦冠层风速为1m/s时，CO2廓线弯曲最为明显，随着风速加大，CO2廓线弯曲程度变小，CO2浓度升高后风速对廓线影响的基本规律没有发生改变，但是冠层中CO2浓度差将进一步加大。     

云南个旧锡矿遥感信息提取及找矿预测

在对云南个旧锡矿成矿地质环境,地质特征及成矿规律研究的基础上,本文重点应用遥感找矿方法,以TM多光谱遥感数据为基本信息源,解析了个旧锡矿线环构造的遥感异常信息和遥感蚀变异常信息。通过与已有的物化探资料进行对比分析和综合研究后提出了4个找矿远景区。     

一种新的COSMIC大气折射率资料观测误差估计方法及在GRAPES全球三维变分同化中的应用

观测误差协方差是变分同化系统中决定分析及预报效果的关键参数之一,观测误差的估计精度直接影响变分同化分析和预报效果。分析了新息增量法(H-L法)估计全球定位系统无线电掩星这类观测点不固定资料的观测误差的适用条件,并利用1年的气象、电离层及气候星座观测系统(COSMIC)折射率资料,针对局地观测算子,估计了COSMIC折射率在南、北半球高、中、低6个纬度带四季的观测误差,分析了COSMIC折射率观测误差的纬度、高度和季节变化的特点,并将估计的折射率观测误差应用于GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction Enhanced System)三维变分同化系统。结果表明,折射率观测误差随高度和纬度有明显变化;在中、高纬度带,折射率观测误差有显著的季节变化:夏季折射率的观测误差约为冬季2倍,春、秋两季折射率误差具有较好的南北对称性,冬、夏两季折射率观测误差南、北半球差异较大。与GRAPES原来使用的全球平均单一的折射率观测误差相比,在GRAPES全球三维变分同化系统中使用本研究估计的较高精度的随纬度变化的COSMIC折射率观测误差能够提高GRAPES全球变分同化系统的预报水平。     

A comparative study on the dominant factors responsible for the weaker-than-expected El Niño event in 2014

Anomalous warming occurred in the equatorial central-eastern Pacific in early May 2014, attracting much attention to the possible occurrence of an extreme El Niño event that year because of its similarity to the situation in early 1997. However, the subsequent variation in sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) during summer 2014 in the tropical Pacific was evidently different to that in 1997, but somewhat similar to the situation of the 1990 aborted El Niño event. Based on NCEP (National Centers for Environmental Prediction) oceanic and atmospheric reanalysis data, the physical processes responsible for the strength of El Niño events are examined by comparing the dominant factors in 2014 in terms of the preceding instability of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system and westerly wind bursts (WWBs) with those in 1997 and 1990, separately. Although the unstable ocean-atmosphere system formed over the tropical Pacific in the preceding winter of 2014, the strength of the preceding instability was relatively weak. Weak oceanic eastward-propagating downwelling Kelvin waves were forced by the weak WWBs over the equatorial western Pacific in March 2014, as in February 1990. The consequent positive upper-oceanic heat content anomalies in the spring of 2014 induced only weak positive SSTAs in the central-eastern Pacific-unfavorable for the subsequent generation of summertime WWB sequences. Moreover, the equatorial western Pacific was not cooled, indicating the absence of positive Bjerknes feedback in early summer 2014. Therefore, the development of El Niño was suspended in summer 2014.     

松潘—甘孜造山带东南段香卡日瓦地区晚三叠世花岗岩体年代学、岩石成因及其构造意义

本文以松潘—甘孜造山带东南段香卡日瓦岩体和珍秦岩体为研究对象,开展了岩石学、岩石地球化学、锆石U Pb年代学及Lu—Hf同位素研究,探讨了岩石成因和构造意义。结果表明：香卡日瓦岩体和珍秦岩体岩性分别为黑云母花岗闪长岩和黑云母花岗闪长斑岩,岩石SiO2含量为65. 45%~70. 04%、Al2O3含量为15. 30%~16. 69%、K2O/Na2O为1. 10~1. 56,属高钾钙碱性系列岩石;铝饱和指数A/CNK介于1. 04~1. 11之间,显示弱过铝质特征。稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式图上表现出相似的曲线特征,总体表现为轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损、Eu负异常的“V”型右倾特征。岩石明显富集Cs、Rb、Ba、Th、U等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P等高场强元素。两个岩体的锆石n(206Pb)/ n(238U)加权平均年龄在217. 9~216. 3 Ma之间,指示为晚三叠世岩浆作用的产物;锆石Hf同位素初始值n(176Hf)/ n(177Hf)为0. 282453~0. 282543,εHf(t)值为-6. 84~-3. 50,相应的二阶段模式年龄(TDM2)为1. 48~1. 69 Ga,暗示源区可能为古老地壳。综合岩体地球化学特征及区域相关研究,认为香卡日瓦岩体和珍秦岩体形成于晚三叠世后碰撞构造环境。     

空间大地测量技术在火山形变监测中的应用

岩浆活动的不同阶段引起地表变化不同。地表形变受压力源大小、形状、深度及岩浆运移速率等影响;另外火山类型不同,地形不同,形变特征也不同。地表形变幅度范围很大,为1×10-7—1米量级。火山区形变监测可以了解火山活动状态,有助于进行喷发危险性的预测预报。形变监测从20世纪60年代的传统技术逐渐过渡到20世纪90年代发展起来的GNSS和InSAR等大地测量新技术,火山区形变时空监测能力得到提高,同时缩短了预测时间。我国火山形变监测开始较晚,现已在长白山天池、腾冲以及海南等主要火山区开展监测。传统的连续测量以地倾斜观测为主;新技术主要以流动GNSS监测为主,连续观测站少,InSAR技术研究时间密度不够;目前形变监测还不能实现很好的时空覆盖。     

急性低氧胁迫对军曹鱼大规格幼鱼血液生化指标的影响

为了研究军曹鱼在急性低氧应激时体内物质代谢和组织器官机能状态变化,分别测定低氧胁迫前后血液生化指标的含量。结果表明:（1）急性低氧胁迫后,军曹鱼血清电解质含量呈不同程度升高,其中钠、氯和钙离子浓度与胁迫前差异极显著（P<0.01）;钾离子浓度与胁迫前无显著性差异（P>0.05）。（2）急性低氧胁迫后,军曹鱼血清肝功能指标变化情况各异。其中,白蛋白含量与胁迫前略有降低,谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性与胁迫前略有上升,但差异均不具有统计学意义（P>0.05）,总蛋白含量显著低于胁迫前（P<0.05）,白蛋白和球蛋白比值则显著高于胁迫前（P<0.05）,碱性磷酸酶极显著低于胁迫前（P<0.01）。（3）急性低氧胁迫后,军曹鱼血清葡萄糖和肌酐浓度均呈升高的变化,且与胁迫前差异极显著（P<0.01）。（4）急性低氧胁迫后,血清肌酸激酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性均呈升高变化,肌酸激酶活性与胁迫前差异显著（P<0.05）,乳酸脱氢酶活性与胁迫前差异极显著（P<0.01）。（5）低氧胁迫后,军曹鱼血脂指标变化情况各异,其中总胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白浓度呈极显著降低的变化（P<0.01）,低密度脂蛋白浓度呈显著升高的变化（P<0.05）,甘油三酯浓度略有升高,但不具有统计学意义（P>0.05）。研究表明,急性低氧胁迫后,军曹鱼大部分血液生化指标发生显著性变化,预示着肝脏、肾脏及心脏组织造成损伤,使其机能出现紊乱。     

Land-Use Changes and Human Driving in and Near the Yangtze River Delta from 1995–2015

We analyzed the characteristics and trends of land-use change in and near the coastal zone of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) during five periods (1995, 2000 2005, 2010, and 2015) using remotely sensed Landsat imagery. Using automatic supervised classification combined with visual interpretation, we obtained land-use information for five study areas (Nantong, Shanghai, Jiaxing, Ningbo, and Zhoushan). Significant land-use changes have occurred in this area between 1995 and 2015, characterized in particular by large reductions in cultivated land and rapid increases in urbanized land. In addition, land reclamation was very active in this period as an effective supplement to the increased demand for land development: since 1995, 1622 km² of land was reclaimed from near-coastal regions in the study area. This increase in urbanization was jointly driven by population, economic, transportation, and policy factors. Urban areas expanded from the center outward in concentric rings, with infrastructure guiding the radial expansion of development along transportation corridors, thus forming a network of connections. Due to the influence of national land regulation policies, the expansion rate of development in the YRD gradually diminished after 2010. This indicates that the area’s resource and environmental carrying capacity has reached a saturation stage in which urbanization has transitioned from broad and incremental expansion to the intensive use of land resources.