南极长城站_1985_2008_和中山站_1989_2008_地面温度变化

利用长城站1985-2008年和中山站1989-2008年逐月气温资料,分析了两站短期气候特征及其变化趋势,评估了两站地面温度观测资料的代表性。结果表明,长城站和别林斯高晋站同期的年平均温度均为-2.1℃,温度趋势变化速率分别为0.27℃/10a.和0.33℃/10a,呈现出南极半岛具有明显的气候变暖趋势。中山站和戴维斯站的同期温度变化速率分别为0.12℃/10a.和0.07℃/10a,显示的气候变暖趋势不明显。两站温度变化趋势与邻近站相比基本相似,表明两站观测的温度资料具有南极乔治王岛和东南极沿岸区的代表性。长城站四季平均气温都呈上升趋势,且秋季增温速率最大,冬季次之,其它季节不明显。中山站春季和冬季具有降温趋势,秋季和夏季具有升温倾向,其中以秋季升温趋势和冬季降温趋势最为显著。     

The response of key ecosystem services to land use and climate change in Chongqing: Time,space, and altitude

Mountainous landscapes are particularly vulnerable and sensitive to climate change and human activities,and a clear understanding of how ecosystem services (ES) and their relationships continuously change over time,across space,and along altitude is therefore essential for ecosystem management.Chongqing,a typical mountainous region,was se-lected to assess the long-term changes in its key ES and their relationships.From 1992 to 2018,the temporal variation in water yield (WY) revealed that the maximum and minimum WYs occurred in 1998 and 2006,which coincided with El Ni(n)o-Southern Oscillation and se-vere drought events,respectively.Soil export (SE) and WY were consistent with precipitation,which reached their highest values in 1998.During this period,carbon storage (CS) and habitat quality (HQ) both decreased significantly.ES in Chongqing showed large variations in altitude.Generally,WY and SE decreased with increasing altitude,while CS and HQ in-creased.For spatial distribution,WY and SE showed positive trends in the west and negative trends in the east.In regard to CS and HQ,negative trends dominated the area.Persistent tradeoffs between WY and soil conservation (SC) were found at all altitude gradients.The strong synergies between CS and HQ were maintained over time.     

The Diagenesis of Coral Reefs

Coral reefs are often constrained by diagenesis as a sound environmental archive. The correct understanding and evaluation of diagenesis is the key to the paleoenvironmental reconstruction of coral reefs. The diagenesis of coral reefs mainly includes cementation, dissolution, neomorphism and dolomitization etc. On the one hand, the diagenesis itself can record the paleoenvironment that coral reefs underwent, such as sea-level fluctuation, climate change, change of sea water, hydrothermal alteration, microbial activity and so on. The diagenetic evolution thus can be used for the reconstruction of paleoenvironment change. On the other hand, diagenesis also destroys the original environmental information which recorded of coral reefs recard, and it is necessary to know the degree of the impact of diagenesis. In the future, we should pay more attention to the study on the relationships among diagenesis, modern climate, sea-level change, atmospheric water transformation and microbial activity. It can provide more accurate and longer time series of paleoenvironmental information that coral reefs recorded.     

吉林西部大安灌区土壤贮水能力空间变异特征及土壤水分有效性

为研究吉林西部土壤贮水能力的空间分布特征和水分有效性,以吉林西部大安灌区为研究对象,通过试验测定土壤贮水量及根系区土壤的水分特征曲线,并利用van Genuchten模型进行水分特征曲线拟合,结合经典统计和地统计分析方法分析土壤贮水量空间变异特征。结果表明:盐碱土和非盐碱土吸持贮水量、滞留贮水量和饱和贮水量的均值之间不存在显著性差异(P0.05),实际贮水量均值存在显著差异(P0.05);土壤实际贮水量呈现由西向东、由北向南逐渐升高的变化趋势,且南北方向的空间变异性均高于东西方向的空间变异性;轻度盐碱地、水田和旱田实际有效含水量分别占其最大有效含水量的78.94%、58.28%和56.62%,水分有效性较高,蔬菜地、高粱地、草甸土以及中度和重度盐碱土实际有效含水量占其最大有效含水量的20.83%27.13%,土壤水分有效性较小;水田、轻度和中度盐碱地的贮水和持水能力强,旱田和蔬菜地土壤贮水能力较强,持水能力中等,而重度盐碱地、高粱地、草甸土等土壤的持贮水能力较弱。研究结果对旱改水工程水资源管理和预防次生盐渍化有重要意义。     

Experimental investigation on effect of curing stress on the strength of cement-stabilized clay at high water content

The application of cement-stabilized marine clay at high water content (HW-CSC) as land reclamation fill has been receiving increasing attention and popularity. In current coastal development, HW-CSC land reclamation projects begin to advance toward deeper water areas, leading to greater filling heights and thus higher curing stresses acting on the lower portions of HW-CSC. In principle the higher curing stress will improve the strength gain of HW-CSC, but this curing stress effect is not taken into account in current design practice. This study aims to bridge the gap. Fifteen different mixes of HW-CSC are first prepared and cured in consolidation tubes for seven days under various curing stresses. Their strengths and some other post-curing parameters are then tested and analyzed to demonstrate the quantitative effect of curing stress on the strength gain of HW-CSC. Results indicate that the strength gain of HW-CSC is significantly influenced by the curing stress; however, the effect of curing stress cannot be simply replaced by reducing the remolding water content during mixing stage and letting the specimens be cured under atmospheric stress condition. Therefore, it is concluded that the effect of curing stress includes two different components—a consolidation effect and another effect termed the “self-stress” effect in this study. Finally, an empirical relationship accounting for the combined effects of mixing proportion and curing stress is developed for characterization of the strengths of HW-CSCs with different mixing proportions and various curing stresses. The proposed relationship is validated by three independent data groups collected from the literature. This empirical relationship can be helpful in optimization of mixing proportions of HW-CSC used for land reclamation purpose.     

Numerical study on S-wave transmission across a rough,filled discontinuity

This paper presents a numerical simulation of S-wave propagation across a rough, filled discontinuity using the universal distinct element code (UDEC). The ability of UDEC to simulate a stress wave across a smooth and planar discontinuity filled with an elastic material is validated through comparisons with analytical solutions. Next, the effect of the plastic deformation of the fill on the wave propagation is investigated. The model is extended to further study S-wave propagation across a filled discontinuity with rough interfaces, which is described using a sawtooth. The transmission coefficient defined by the energy is used to measure the wave attenuation. Finally, a parametric study is conducted to investigate the influences of the filled thickness, asperity angle, and incident amplitude on the transmission waves and transmission coefficients. The asperity angle and filled thickness together determine the transmitted waveform and transmission coefficient. The transmitted wave may be cut off when the incident wave amplitude exceeds a threshold value. The transmission coefficient decreases with a different trend with the incident wave amplitude increasing when the asperity angle varies. Compared with planar discontinuity, a filled discontinuity with rough interfaces is more sensitive to the amplitude of the incident wave. The causes of these phenomena are analyzed in detail. In addition, the deformation of the fill material is strongly related to the wave attenuation.     

Particle size distributions and organic-inorganic compositions of suspended particulate matters around the Bohai Strait

Laser in situ scattering and transmissometry(LISST) significantly improves our ability to assess particle size distribu-tion(PSD) in seawater, while wide-ranging measurements of the organic-inorganic compositions of suspended particulate matters(SPM) are still difficult by using traditional methods such as microscopy. In this study, PSD properties and SPM compositions around the Bohai Strait(China) were investigated based on the measurements by LISST in combination with hydro-biological parameters collected from a field survey in summer 2014. Four typical PSD shapes were found in the region, namely right-peak, left-peak, dou-ble-peak and negative-skew shapes. The double-peak and negative-skew shapes may interconvert into each other along with strong hydrodynamic variation. In the upper layer of the Bohai Sea, organic particles were in the majority, with inorganic particles rarely observed. In the bottom layer, SPM were the mixture of organic and inorganic matters. LISST provided valuable baseline information on size-resolved organic-inorganic compositions of SPM: the size of organic particles mainly ranged from 4 to 20 μm and 40 to 100 μm, while most SPM ranging from 20 to 40 μm were composed of inorganic sediment.     

Method and application of comprehensive knowledge discovery

This paper proposes the principle oi comprehensive knowledge discovery. Unlike most of the current knowledge discovery methods, the com-prehensive knowledge discovery considers both the spatial relations and attributes of spatial entities or objects. We intro-duce the theory of spatial knowledge ex-pression system and some concepts inclu-ding comprehensive knowledge discovery and spatial union information table (SUIT). In theory, SUIT records all in-formation contained in the studied ob-jects, but in reality, because of the com-plexity and varieties of spatial relations,only those factors of interest to us are se-lected. In order to find out the compre-hensive knowledge from spatial databas-es, an efficient comprehensive knowledge discovery algorithm called recycled algo-rithm (RAR) is suggested.     

Experiment of near surface layer parameters in ice camp over Arctic Ocean

Estimates of near surface layer parameters over 78°N drifting ice in ice camp over the Arctic ocean are made using bulk transfer methods with the data from the experiments operated by the Chinese Arctic Scientific Expedition in August 22-September 3,2003.The results show that the net radiation received by the snow surface is only 3.6 W/m2,among which the main part transported into atmosphere in term of sensible heat and latent heat,which account for 52% and 31% respectively,and less part being transported to deep ice in the conductive process.The bulk transfer coefficient of momentum is about 1.16×10-3 in the near neutral layer,which is a little smaller than that obtained over 75°N drifting ice.However,to compare with the results observed over 75°N drifting ice over the Arctic Ocean in 1999,it can be found that the thermodynamic and momentum of interactions between sea and air are significant different with latitudes,concentration and the scale of sea ice.It is very important on considering the effect of sea-air-ice interaction over the Arctic Ocean when studying climate modeling.     

Detection of a primitive hydrogen cloud

Our identification of absorption systems in the quasars OQ 172, [4,6], has reliably determined one such at z = 3.3528 supported by the hydrogen lines L-L. Analysis shows it to be a primitive hydrogen cloud formed after the big bang. Assuming no broadening due to damping, we found a Doppler width b = 55 km/s and a column density 1g N_H = 14.66 from the curve of growth.