饱和砂岩在温度和频率域的衰减和速度频散

利用Metravib热机械分析仪, 在天然地震的频率和温度范围内, 首次对泵油和甘油饱和两种孔隙度的彭山砂岩的衰减和速度频散进行了实验研究． 结果表明, ① 泵油饱和彭山砂岩对频率和温度的依赖呈热激活弛豫规律; ② 杨氏模量和弹性波速度与孔隙度、 温度呈负相关, 与饱和液体的黏滞系数、 频率呈正相关; ③ 频散效应因频率上升而增强, 因温度增高而减弱． 这一规律性的结果为地震波理论研究提供了实验基础．      

Polychlorinated biphenyls residues in surface sediments of the eutrophic Chaohu Lake (China): characteristics, risk, and correlation with trophic status

Twenty-eight polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) congeners were measured in surface sediments from Chaohu Lake to assess their characteristics, potential risk, and the correlation with lake trophic status. PCB levels ranged from 11.074 to 42.712 ng g^?1 dry weight (d.w.) in the western lake and 2.017 to 20.189 ng g^?1 d.w. in the eastern lake. The highest concentrations were found at the sites near the inlets of western lake tributary rivers where big cities and industrial centers are located. Congeners concentrations showed decreasing order of tetra-CB > tri-CB > deca-CB (PCB-209 detected) > penta-CB > hexa-CB > di-CB > hepta-CB > Octa-CB. It indicated that light and heavy Aroclor mixtures were simultaneously used surrounding the lake basin. PCB levels in the western lake are potentially dangerous to humans and the local fauna. There was a significant positive relationship between tetra-CB (one abundant PCB congener) concentration distribution and sediment grain size in the 16–64 μm fraction, whereas a negative correlation was found in the 4–8 μm fraction. Furthermore, PCB distributions were positively correlated with the total organic carbon of sediments and lake trophic status, especially in the more seriously polluted western lake zone. However, the correlation completely disappeared in eastern lake zone. It suggested that PCB contamination might be attributed to industrial wastewaters and domestic sewages from western lake basin, reaching the lake through rivers, rains and floods.     

Structure equation model-based approach for determining lake nutrient standards in Yungui Plateau ecoregion and Eastern Plain ecoregion lakes,China

Predictive nutrient criteria method, combined with expert elicitation and structural equation model (SEM), was proposed in this study for establishing lake nutrient standard in Chinese lakes (Yungui Plateau ecoregion and Eastern Plain ecoregion). Expert elicitation was involved to quantify the probability of attainment of the designated-use (drinking water source) based on monitoring data. The experts scoring results were introduced to SEM to assess predictive relationships between candidate standard variables and the designated-use attainment. In Yungui ecoregion, the standardized effects of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), chemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus (TP) on designated-use attainment were ?0.41, ?0.14, and ?0.43, respectively. These result demonstrated that the two most predictive indicators for designated-use attainment were TP and Chl-a. In Eastern ecoregion, the standardized effects of TP, total nitrogen (TN), dissolved oxygen and water temperature (T) on designated-use attainment were 0.77, ?0.12, 0.13 and ?0.02, respectively. The most predictive indicator was TP. The model was further used for estimating the designated-use attainment associated with various levels of candidate standards. TP, TN, Chl-a and Secchi depth (SD) were selected as standard indicators in Yungui ecoregion. TP, TN, and Chl-a were selected in Eastern ecoregion. In order to achieve the 85 % designated-use attainment, standard values of TP, TN, Chl-a and SD in Yungui ecoregion would be 0.02 mg/L, 0.2 mg/L, 1.4 μg/L, and 0.581 m; and standards of TP, TN, and Chl-a in Eastern ecoregion would be 0.039 mg/L, 0.95 mg/L, and 1.75 μg/L, respectively. Finally, the differences between standards in these two ecoregions were also analyzed.     

Simulation on forecast and control for groundwater contamination of hazardous waste landfill

The groundwater flow and solute transport models were established by Visual Modflow, which was used to forecast the transport process of Cr⁶⁺ in groundwater and simulate the effects of three control measures of contaminants transport after percolation solution leakage happened in the impermeable layer of the landfill. The results showed that the contamination plume of Cr⁶⁺ would reach the pool’s boundary in 10 years, and the distance of contamination transport was 1,450 m. However, the contamination plume will not be obviously expanded between 10 and 20 years. While the ground was covered by hardened concrete, the contamination plume would not reach the pool’s boundary in 20 years. When the leakage-proof barrier was set in the bottom of an unconfined aquifer, the concentration of Cr⁶⁺ was higher than that of the leakage-proof barrier unset, but the result was opposite when setting the leakage-proof barrier in the bottom of confined aquifer. The range of the contamination plume was effectively controlled by setting drainage ditches in which water discharge was 2,298.05 m³ d^?1, which produced monitoring wells which are not contaminated in 20 years. In sum, combining ground hardening with drainage ditches could produce the best effect in controlling contaminants diffusion, and meanwhile, the drainage ditches daily discharge was reduced to 1,710.19 m³ d^?1.     

渭河盆地地热水溶气资源分布规律

渭河盆地地热水溶气资源丰富,但成分、成因、分布特征复杂。通过选择位于不同构造单元,不同完井深度的地热水井进行地热水及天然气样品的采集并送样分析,研究地热水特征,天然气的组分、成因及水气关系,结合天然气聚集成藏因素分析,对气体赋存的有利区域进行预测。研究表明,渭河盆地地热水化学类型相对复杂,地层温度及压力对天然气在水中的溶解度影响较大;盆地中最具有工业价值的天然气组分为壳源氦气及生物成因可燃气;根据气体源岩的分布,储盖组合特征,结合影响水溶气富集的因素,对氦气富集有利区和可燃气有利区进行了预测。     

The role of coupling and embeddedness in risk evolution: rethinking the snow event in early 2008, China

New forms of hazards generated by extreme weather pose new challenges to emergency management. The purpose of this paper is to identify a typical evolution dynamics by analyzing coupling and embeddedness in risk evolution via critical infrastructure system under extreme weather. Evidence from the snow event in early 2008, China, is used to draw the viewpoint and support the argument. The paper identifies the dynamics that how a natural hazard of extreme weather evolves into a social crisis and how coupling and embeddedness contribute to the evolution. This paper makes it evident that the impact of natural hazard to a society can obtain amplification through coupling and embeddedness. Therefore, new challenges in risk evolution should become a highlighted direction for further research. This paper sheds light on a new profile for social impact research of natural hazard and provides new insights into systems thinking on emergency management.     

瞬变电磁测量在吐哈盆地十红滩铀矿区勘查中的应用效果

将瞬变电磁法应用于吐哈盆地十红滩地区铀矿勘查,采用分离回线装置方式进行测量,划分了找矿目的层的结构、埋深、厚度及空间展布特征,基本查明了矿区基底隐伏断裂及褶皱构造位置,研究认为解释出的构造与砂岩型铀矿成矿关系密切,对该地区铀矿找矿工作具有一定的指导作用。通过后期钻孔验证,取得了良好的地质效果。     

基于中国地质调查信息网格的“立体一张图”服务构建与应用

目前,中国地质调查信息网格通过"地质矿产一张图"实现了地表范围内地质空间信息的高度集成与共享,但是地下三维地质空间信息的集成共享状况对现有的数据发布机制、服务效率与共享能力提出了更高的要求。本文基于中国地质调查信息网格,在构建"地质矿产立体一张图"服务框架的基础上,从三维空间数据的组织管理着手,重点研究了多结点下的数据发布与发现机制、三维可视化与场景服务、多样化用户界面表达方式,实现了网格环境下三维地质空间信息的实时快速绘制和高效交互处理;并针对矿体三维模型和地质三维模型等,提供了信息集成与应用服务,取得了良好效果。     

基于生成对抗网络的建筑物损毁检测EI北大核心CSCD

建筑物作为自然灾害中最受影响的承灾体之一,其损毁信息的准确提取对灾后应急救援具有十分重要的意义。本文借鉴多模态的思想,提出了一种自动检测损毁建筑物的recursive-generative adversarial networks(RS-GAN)方法,将损毁建筑物检测分为灾前建筑物识别和灾后损毁建筑物检测两个任务,且分别在两个GAN分支中完成。RS-GAN加入联合损失函数将两个GAN分支进行连接,充分利用两个任务之间的潜在互利性提升检测效果。RS-GAN利用第1条GAN分支识别建筑物灾前形状与位置,并将识别结果作为第2条GAN分支的输入进行损毁建筑物检测任务,从而使检测结果具有更清晰的轮廓。该方法为端到端模型,在不需要过多的人工干预情形下,实现了损毁建筑物的自动检测。为了验证RS-GAN模型的效果,在圣罗莎和密苏里两个数据集上进行了测试。试验结果表明,RS-GAN方法拥有更好的检测性能,在圣罗莎数据集上的总体精度和平均精度分别达到了0.90和0.86。     

基于漂流浮标观测分析日本福岛以东表层海洋物质的散播轨迹

认识海洋中的物质如何散播对于理解海洋环境变化和人类活动污染在海洋中的扩散过程具有非常重要的意义。利用历史海表漂流浮标观测数据,对日本福岛以东海域的表层物质散播轨迹进行了拉格朗日示踪分析和观测模拟试验研究。结果发现,福岛以东海域海表浮标的散播路径主要分为东、南两支,其中速度较快的东支为主要通道,沿黑潮延伸体汇入北太平洋流,最短用时大约22个月即可到达北美西海岸;南支则沿黑潮延伸体以南的大范围南向流向西南方向运移,速度较慢且明显受涡旋活动影响,最快大约5个月即可到达吕宋海峡和中国台湾以东海域,进而进入南海和东海等中国近海海域。通过开展观测模拟试验,发现海表浮标散播的概率密度分布呈现以福岛附近海域为核心、向西南和正东方向递减扩展的形态,其中,到达中国近海的浮标主要通过吕宋海峡进入。文章详细讨论了研究结果的局限性、不足之处,以及因基于大量现场观测而具备的重要参考价值。