In-situ experimental research on water scouring of loess slopes

Frequent occurrence of landslides in the Chinese Loess Plateau has been influenced by the changes of water conditions. This paper, based on in-situ water scouring experiments under various slope gradients, cross-sectional discharge shapes and flow quantities, analyzed the rill flow information characteristics on a loess slope and its driving factors for anti-scourability of the loess stratum. The results show that the critical erosion slope gradient for the loess stratum (Q₃) is about 24° and the mean erosion rate under half-round cross-sectional discharge is smaller than that under rectangular discharge. The relationship between flow quantity and mean erosion rate is linear and is positively correlated. Mechanical subsurface erosion was the primary condition responsible for water scouring on loess slopes because of stronger runoff channels such as vertical joints and large amounts of macro void caused by plants and animals. Loess anti-scourability is a significant issue to advance the research for soil and water conservation in the Loess Plateau of China.     

Spatial distribution characteristics of soil moisture in different types of sand dune in the Mu Us Sandy Land,adjacent to north of Chinese Loess Plateau

The distribution of soil moisture in arid and semiarid regions is a major environmental factor and is regulated by regional topography, vegetation and soil texture. Here, we present the results of a study of the spatial distribution characteristics of soil moisture in the Mu Us Sandy Land, which is the transitional area between the northwestern deserts and the Chinese Loess Plateau, in North China. Samples were taken from holes drilled to a depth of 4 m in 52 different microtopographic positions on different types of dune (bare dunes, shrub-covered dunes and tree-covered dunes). The sites were located in the northwestern margin, the central region and the southeastern margin. All samples were analyzed for moisture content and grain size distribution. The results show that: (1) for the same type of dune, the soil moisture content varies in different microtopographic positions. The soil moisture content on windward slopes is greater than on leeward slopes in the shrub-covered dunes and the tree-covered dunes, while this is the case in only some of the bare migratory sand dunes. In addition, the soil moisture content on leeward slopes is greater than on the corresponding windward slope. (2) The vegetation type and density have a large influence on the moisture content of sandy soils; specifically, the presence of shrubs and trees significantly affects the soil moisture content of windward and leeward slopes and the inter-dune lowland. (3) Soil moisture content is positively correlated with the clay and silt content of sandy soils. From northwest to southeast across the Mu Us Sandy Land, the silt and clay content increases gradually; however, in the case of dunes covered with planted trees, a peak in the content of fine-grained material occurs in the central region, while for shrub-covered sand dunes, the peak occurs in the southeastern margin. In addition, the correlation between soil moisture and soil grain size distribution of the three types of dunes varies from northwest to southeast. (4) The proportion of fine-grained material and the correlation between the content of fine-grained material and soil moisture are the two main factors influencing the soil moisture distribution of the different types of dune. A soil moisture concentration index can be used as a rough indicator of the distribution characteristics of soil moisture.     

赣南宁都地区变质岩离子吸附型稀土矿床地球化学特征及找矿意义

赣南浅变质岩离子吸附型稀土矿床是江西省近些年来新发现的稀土矿类型。文章主要研究赣南地区新元古代青白口纪库里组和神山组浅变质岩稀土矿点,通过野外地质调查和室内综合研究,总结了该类稀土矿床的地球化学特征。结果表明:该区浅变质岩以SiO₂含量中等、K₂O/Na₂O值较高、全碱含量中等、TFe₂O₃+MgO及CaO较低为特点; 稀土元素总量较高,轻、重稀土元素分馏明显,轻稀土富集,Eu中等亏损,部分矿点已达到化学风化晚期阶段; 各矿点风化壳的稀土元素配分模式与原岩类似,稀土元素富集程度主要受控于原岩稀土元素丰度和风化指数CIA。     

基于面向对象的海水养殖模式遥感提取研究

不同海水养殖模式用地面积的获取是海水养殖区域进行合理规划、长期稳定发展的基础性工作之一。本文以广东省柘林湾海水养殖区为实验区,采用面向对象遥感分类方法实现了对3种海水养殖模式的分类提取,研究结果表明:面向对象的海水养殖模式遥感分类结果精度为83.87%,较监督分类提取精度提高了9.61%;此方法对塘埂的剔除效果较明显,且能有效对不同池塘养殖模式进行分类。     

1990–2010年中国耕地变化对粮食生产潜力的影响分析(英文)

The quantity and spatial pattern of farmland has changed in China, which has led to a major change in the production potential under the influence of the national project of ecological environmental protection and rapid economic growth during 1990–2010. In this study, the production potential in China was calculated based on meteorological, terrain elevation, soil and land-use data from 1990, 2000 and 2010 using the Global Agro-ecological Zones model. Then, changes in the production potential in response to farmland changes from 1990 to 2010 were subsequently analyzed. The main conclusions were the following. First, the total production potential was 1.055 billion tons in China in 2010. Moreover, the average production potential was 7614 kg/ha and showed tremendous heterogeneity in spatial pattern. Total production in eastern China was high, whereas that in northwestern China was low. The regions with high per unit production potential were mainly distributed over southern China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Second, the obvious spatiotemporal heterogeneity in farmland changes from 1990 to 2010 had a significant influence on the production potential in China. The total production potential decreased in southern China and increased in northern China. Furthermore, the center of growth of the production potential moved gradually from northeastern China to northwestern China. The net decrease in the production potential was 2.97 million tons, which occupied 0.29% of the national total actual production in 2010. Third, obvious differences in the production potential in response to farmland changes from 1990 to 2000 and from 2000 to 2010 were detected. The net increase in the production potential during the first decade was 10.11 million tons and mainly distributed in the Northeast China Plain and the arid and semi-arid regions of northern China. The net decrease in the production potential during the next decade was 13.08 million tons and primarily distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River region and the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. In general, the reason for the increase in the production potential during the past two decades might be due to the reclamation of grasslands, woodlands and unused land, and the reason for the decrease in the production potential might be urbanization that occupied the farmland and Green for Grain Project, which returned farmland to forests and grasslands.     

青海地区地震磁扰动异常特征研究

以青海地区8个测点磁通门秒采样观测数据为研究对象,利用地磁垂直强度极化法结合该区域中强地震背景进行分析。基于极化背景场变化特征提取震磁异常在研究区实际应用中取得以下认识:多台站同步极化高值异常对于2个月以内青海地区5级左右及以上地震有一定映震能力,且异常具有一定信度;测点密度均匀分布情况下,震中位置基本位于极化高值区域。     

高频燃烧-红外吸收光谱法测定钼矿石和镍矿石中的高含量硫

高频燃烧-红外吸收法用于分析矿石中低含量硫的测定结果较为准确,但对于高含量的硫,分析结果的准确度不高。本文采用高频燃烧-红外碳硫分析仪测定钼矿石和镍矿石中的高含量硫,选择纯铁屑和钨粒作助熔剂,高温燃烧分解样品,通过实验优化了样品称样量、助熔剂用量、仪器分析时间等测定条件。用国家标准物质进行验证,方法精密度(RSD,n=9)小于1%,加标回收率为96.0%～101.9%;与传统的硫酸钡重量法进行比对试验,测定值的相对误差小于2%。针对不同的矿石样品,研究了实际样品与标准物质的基体匹配问题,消除了基体效应的影响,对于钼矿石和镍矿石样品中含量在1%～35%范围内的硫,均能够准确测定,解决了钼矿石和镍矿石中高含量硫的快速、准确测定问题。     

地电场水文地质因素及裂隙水 主体渗流方向逐日计算

2007年西昌和天祝地电场观测台阵建立, 随后两年西昌台阵地电场的TGF-A波形明显, 天祝台阵则以TGF-B波形出现. 台阵内各台站间地电场相关性高, 这受地电场潮汐机理的支持; 不同台站或同一台站的不同方向地电场潮汐波峰谷值差异明显, 地电场潮汐机理和场地水文地质资料表明, 这主要与岩石、 裂隙度、 裂隙优势走向、 含水度、 透水率、 水矿化度和裂隙水压力差等因素相关. 潮汐电信号形成于裂隙水或水中电荷周期性移动, 电荷被岩壁吸附或脱离产生噪声, 该信噪比在同一台阵内基本相同, 信噪比值与潮汐电信号产生过程和场地电磁背景关系密切. 应用地电场潮汐谐波振幅计算裂隙水主体渗流方向, 结果与应用潮汐波峰谷值法基本一致, 这消除了峰谷值法取值的偶然误差. 2008年汶川M_S8.0地震前, 两台阵内都存在场地裂隙水主体渗流方向的短临变异现象, 西昌台阵这种变异更明显.      

饱和砂岩在温度和频率域的衰减和速度频散

利用Metravib热机械分析仪, 在天然地震的频率和温度范围内, 首次对泵油和甘油饱和两种孔隙度的彭山砂岩的衰减和速度频散进行了实验研究． 结果表明, ① 泵油饱和彭山砂岩对频率和温度的依赖呈热激活弛豫规律; ② 杨氏模量和弹性波速度与孔隙度、 温度呈负相关, 与饱和液体的黏滞系数、 频率呈正相关; ③ 频散效应因频率上升而增强, 因温度增高而减弱． 这一规律性的结果为地震波理论研究提供了实验基础．      

Polychlorinated biphenyls residues in surface sediments of the eutrophic Chaohu Lake (China): characteristics, risk, and correlation with trophic status

Twenty-eight polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) congeners were measured in surface sediments from Chaohu Lake to assess their characteristics, potential risk, and the correlation with lake trophic status. PCB levels ranged from 11.074 to 42.712 ng g^?1 dry weight (d.w.) in the western lake and 2.017 to 20.189 ng g^?1 d.w. in the eastern lake. The highest concentrations were found at the sites near the inlets of western lake tributary rivers where big cities and industrial centers are located. Congeners concentrations showed decreasing order of tetra-CB > tri-CB > deca-CB (PCB-209 detected) > penta-CB > hexa-CB > di-CB > hepta-CB > Octa-CB. It indicated that light and heavy Aroclor mixtures were simultaneously used surrounding the lake basin. PCB levels in the western lake are potentially dangerous to humans and the local fauna. There was a significant positive relationship between tetra-CB (one abundant PCB congener) concentration distribution and sediment grain size in the 16–64 μm fraction, whereas a negative correlation was found in the 4–8 μm fraction. Furthermore, PCB distributions were positively correlated with the total organic carbon of sediments and lake trophic status, especially in the more seriously polluted western lake zone. However, the correlation completely disappeared in eastern lake zone. It suggested that PCB contamination might be attributed to industrial wastewaters and domestic sewages from western lake basin, reaching the lake through rivers, rains and floods.