天然胶体的水环境行为

胶体是一种分散相粒子具有特定粒径(通常为1 nm~1μm)的混合物,天然水体中的胶体通常是指水环境中普遍存在,而又符合“胶体”形态定义的物质的总和.因为具有特殊的表面性质以及独特的水动力学特点,天然水体中的胶体被认为是一种重要的污染物载体,尤其在促进重金属类的污染物迁移以及性质转化的过程中具有重要作用.本文归纳总结了水环境研究领域中胶体概念的提出与发展,讨论了现有研究中对胶体的定义与理解,比较了当前几种主要的胶体提取手段的特点.同时,针对胶体在水环境中的环境行为,详细归纳了河湖水体中胶体的物质组成、特征以及相应的检测手段,重点总结了胶体在水环境中对污染物的结合作用、胶体污染物的生物效应、胶体自身的团聚规律以及胶体对污染物迁移的影响机制.本文提出了胶体在水环境中复杂的组成成分与动态变化在胶体研究中的重要性,并对进一步揭示胶体环境效应的研究思路以及方法手段进行了展望.     

贵州烂泥沟金矿床中辉锑矿的构造成因矿物学初析

本文通过对贵州烂泥微细浸染型金矿床中辉锑矿显微形貌和超微结构观察，发现辉矿晶体中出现显微波纹扭裂纹，沿扭裂纹部位被辰砂充填交代和辉锑矿晶体中存在大量变形双晶、层错、位错壁、亚晶粒等变形超微结构，从而为成矿过程中锑、汞矿化之间这段区间发生构造应力作用了微观的成因信息。     

也论成都粘土的成因

为了解成都粘土的成因机制，在总结前人资料的基础上，从分析成都粘土的分布、结构、矿物组成等特征入手，客观地展示了成都粘 本质，进而将其与我国北方的马兰黄土和长江中下游的下蜀粘土之间的特性进行比较以及对龙门山和成都平原第四纪晚更新世的古环境的分析，最终得出典型的成都粘土的成因是属于风成“黄土”的结论。     

极区大气臭氧变化对中国气候影响的数值模拟

首先利用TOMS资料分析了南北极区大气臭氧总量的季节变化特征。结果表明 ,南北极区的臭氧减少都是春季下降最快 ,然后通过数值试验得到 ,极区大气臭氧减少将造成高低层温度差值分布大致相反 ,由于臭氧减少也将使我国的大气环流形势和降水分布特征发生改变。在我国的不同区域 ,各气象要素的变化也具有不同特征。     

一次冬季锋面暴风雪天气过程的斜压边界层特征的观测分析

对STORM-FESTIOP17一次冬季锋面暴风雪天气过程的斜压边界层结构演变及特征进行了分析。发现：暖湿空气沿锋面抬升凝结成云，产生降水过程中释放的大量潜热显著增加锋两侧的水平温度差异，产生锋生。与锋生相伴，在锋前产生低空急流和高空急流。当锋生至最强时，锋两侧温差可达20K，锋前低空急流开始减弱，锋后低空急流增强，锋后冷平流开始主导锋两侧的环流系统。该冷平流削弱锋两侧的温度水平梯度，产生锋消作用。对这次锋面斜压对流边界层的湍流特征分析表明：在边界层之上切应力wv明显增大；湍能收支分析表明在边界层之上的风切变产生项很强，即大尺度天气系统有利于斜压对流边界层的发展，边界层内各量充分混合。这次冬季锋面暴风雪天气过程，冷锋前的低空南风急流从墨西哥湾携带来的充足水汽及锋区边界层大气的强斜压性是其产生的关键因子：冷锋过后，大尺度高空急流的作用更有利于对流边界层的充分发展。     

大兴安岭多宝山晚三叠世双峰式侵入岩年代学及地球动力学背景

多宝山矿区发现有侵位于晚奥陶世花岗闪长岩的角闪辉长岩和英云闪长岩,二者具有双峰式侵入岩的特征,在详细的野外地质调查基础上,对多宝山双峰式侵入岩进行了岩石学、年代学、地球化学方面的研究,并初步探讨其构造意义.角闪辉长岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为224.3±1.7 Ma,英云闪长岩为226.3±2.3 Ma,两者形成于同一构造岩浆作用事件;侵入岩的SiO2含量呈双峰式,稀土、微量元素特征表明它们具有岛弧岩浆特征,二者具有相同的岩石圈地幔源区,其源区可能受到了俯冲流体交代作用的影响.结合区域构造背景,认为其形成与鄂霍茨克洋壳俯冲有关,产于活动大陆边缘环境,它们可能是受地壳混染的OIB型玄武质岩浆在地壳中部的一个"双扩散"岩浆房通过结晶分异形成的.     

Influence of matric suction on nonlinear time-dependent compression behavior of a granular fill material

Acta Geotechnica - The site formation for the construction of a new airport in a mountainous region is typically performed by cutting and filling a hill section. The fill materials are subjected to...     

Comparison of soil moisture products from microwave remote sensing,land model,and reanalysis using global ground observations

High-quality soil moisture (SM) datasets are in great demand for climate, hydrology, and other fields, but detailed evaluation of SM products from various sources is scarce. Thus, using 670 SM stations worldwide, we evaluated and compared SM products from microwave remote sensing [Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) (C- and X-bands) and European Space Agency's Climate Change Initiative (ESA CCI)], land surface model [Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS)], and reanalysis data [ECMWF Re-Analysis-Interim (ERA-Interim) and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)] under different time scales and various climates and land covers. We find that: (a) ESA CCI and GLDAS have the closest values to the in situ SM on the annual scale, whereas others overestimate the SM; ERA-Interim (averaged R = 0.58) and ESA CCI (averaged R = 0.54) correlate best with the in situ data, while GLDAS performs worst. (b) Overall, the deviations of each product vary in seasons. ESA CCI and ERA-Interim products are closer to the in situ SM at seasonal scales, and AMSR-E and NCEP perform worst in December–February and June–August, respectively. (c) Except for NCEP and ERA-Interim, others can well reflect the intermonthly variation of the in situ SM. (d) Under various climates and land covers, AMSR-E products are less effective in cold climates, whereas GLDAS and NCEP products perform poorly in arid or temperate and dry climates. Moreover, the Bias and R of each SM product differ obviously under different forest types, especially the AMSR-E products. In summary, SM from ESA CCI is the best, followed by ERA-Interim product, and precipitation is an important auxiliary data for selecting high-quality SM stations and improving the accuracy of SM from GLDAS. These results can provide a reference for improving the accuracy of the above SM products.     

Dynamic response of road pavement resting on a layered poroelastic half‐space to a moving traffic load

This paper is dedicated to study the dynamic response of a thin‐plate resting on a layered poroelastic half‐space under a moving traffic load. Based on the dynamic poroelastic theory of Biot, the general solutions of the homogeneous poroelastic foundation are obtained by Fourier translation. By using the transmission and reflection matrices method in the frequency domain, the equivalent stiffness of the layered poroelastic half‐space is presented. Kirchhoff's hypotheses are applied to obtain the vertical displacement of the thin plate. By using the inverse Fourier transform, the time domain solution is obtained. As an example of three layers, the influences of the load velocity, the material properties of poroelastic layers, and the flexural rigidity of the plate on the response of the pavement system are examined. Analyses show that a soft intermediate layer results in the significant increase of vertical displacement of road pavement. Comparison with the existing work validates the present model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

天然水CaCO_3侵蚀量与沉淀量的计算

天然水ＣａＣＯ３侵蚀量与沉淀量的计算是岩溶地球化学研究中的一个重要问题，本文在指出有关文献对这一问题的处理存在严重问题的同时，提出了天然水ＣａＣＯ３侵蚀量与沉淀量计算的新方法。该方法以水溶液相对ＣＳＣＯ３饱和度的计算为基础，对ＣａＣＯ３溶解或沉淀所引起的水溶液ｐＨ值、组分的活度系数以及水溶液中各组分存在形式含量的变化统一地作了考虑，且区分开放系统与封闭系统两种不同的情况分别进行了计算。实际水样的计算结果表明，计算中若不考虑上述的种种变化，则计算结果的误差将是相当大的。