The updated kriging variance and optimal sample design

A number of criteria based on kriging variance calculations may be used for infill sampling design in geologic site characterization. Searching for the best new sample locations from a set of candidate locations can result in excessive computation time if these criteria and the naive rekriging are used. The relative updated kriging estimate and variance for universal kriging estimation are demonstrated as a simple kriging estimate and variance, respectively. The updated kriging variance is demonstrated as the multiplication of two kriging variances. Using these updated kriging variance equations can increase the computational speed for selecting the best new sample locations. The application results for oil rock thickness in an oilfield indicate that minimizing the average relative updated kriging variance is a useful alternative to the other criteria based on kriging variance in optimal infill sampling design for geologic site characterization.     

Authigenetic K—feldspars and Their Relations to Sn—polymetallic Mineralization in the Dachang Ore Field

Sn-polymetallic ores at Dachang,Guangxi Autonomous Region,China,are hosted in Middle-Upper Devonian reef limestones,siliceous rocks,banded and lenticular limestones,etc.Two types of orebodies can be distinguished according to their telations to the bedding:one is distributed along the bedding and the.other cuts across the bedding.Sn and sulfide orebodies associated with K-feldspare are mostly characterized by laminated ore structure. Microscopic examinations of K-feldspar-bearing rocks,in conjunction with X-ray diffraction,chemical composiion and cathodoluminescence data for K-feldspars,as well as their telations to mineralization,the authors consider that the K-feldspare are of authigenic origin,subordinate to the epigenetic stage of diagenesis,They resulted from the reaction of mixed,deep-seated,circulating underground hot waters rich in K,Al and Si with argillaceous carbonates during the Indo nesian orogenic movement.It is suggested more attention should be paid to the effect of authigenic K-feldspars on Sn mineralization.In the meantime the event related to circulating underground hot waters should also be taken into account so as to provide new clues to blind ore prospecting.     

Assessment of Soil Erosion Susceptibility Using Empirical Modeling

Soil erosion is one of the most serious land degradation problems all over the world,causing irreversible land quality reduction.In this paper,we modify the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) model by replacing the factors of slope length and gradient with Sediment Transport Index(STI).The Digital Elevation Model,terrain parameters,Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI),and rainfall data are used as inputs to the model.Along with the application of remote sensing techniques and ground survey measurements,erosion susceptibility maps are produced.The revised models are then used to obtain the optimal estimate of soil erosion susceptibility at Alianello of southern Italy,which is prone to soil erosion.The soil loss estimated from the modified RUSLE model shows a large spatial variance,ranging from 10 to as much as 7000 ton ha 1 yr 1.The high erosion susceptible area constitutes about 46.8% of the total erosion area,and when classified by land cover type,33% is "mixed bare with shrubs and grass",followed by 5.29% of "mixture of shrubs and trees",with "shrubs" having the lowest percentage of 0.06%.In terms of slope types,very steep slope accounts for a total of 40.90% and belongs to high susceptibility,whereas flat slope accounts for only 0.12%,indicating that flat topography has little effect on the erosion hazard.As far as the geomorphologic types are concerned,the type of "moderate steep-steep slopes with moderate to severe erosion" is most favorable to high soil erosion,which comprises about 9.34%.Finally,we validate the soil erosion map from the adapted RUSLE model against the visual interpretation map,and find a similarity degree of 71.9%,reflecting the efficiency of the adapted RUSLE model in mapping the soil erosion in this study area.     

太平洋海山磷酸盐的锶同位素成分及形成年代

作者首次对太平洋不同海山上对富钴结壳伴生的各种产状的磷酸盐的锶同位素成分及其形成年代进行了深入研究。研究表明，我国调查区磷酸盐的^87Sr/^86Sr比值变化于0.70766至0.70842之间，形成年代相当于距今21Ma至39.5Ma。磷酸盐化作用主要发生在晚始新世-早新新世及晚渐新世-早中新世期间。西、中太平洋磷酸盐形成年代的一致性揭示，自晚始新世至早中新世，在太平洋水下海山上曾发生过广泛的磷酸盐化作用，磷酸盐的形成是古海洋环境变迁的一个重要反映。     

欧盟对2012年后气候协定的立场

欧洲理事会于2009年1月28日草拟了一份关于2012年后综合气候变化协定立场的内部通报文件,经过1个多月的讨论与修改,该文件于3月2日在欧洲环境部长理事会上正式通过,名为"欧洲理事会关于2012年后国际气候综合协议中欧盟立场结论"(Council Conclusions on the Further Development of the EU Position on a Comprehensive Post-2012 Climate Agreement),已正式提交欧洲春季首脑会议.从3月20日闭幕的欧洲峰会对外公布的消息看,有关立场结论基本得到采纳,如峰会提出"建立全球碳市场及清洁发展机制,控制温室气体排放与防止气候变暖"、"欧盟将坚持既定的减排承诺,与发展中国家公平分摊和筹措治理经费"等.     

减缓气候变化的最新科学认知

 摘 要：2007年5月4日，IPCC第三工作组在泰国曼谷发布了第四次评估报告《气候变化2007：减缓气候变化》的决策者摘要及主报告。报告综合评估了2001年以来有关减缓气候变化的最新研究成果，考察分析了中短期（2030年前）和长期（2030年后）温室气体的排放情景、减排潜力、成本范围，以及稳定大气温室气体（GHG）浓度水平的可能选择。报告总体认为，未来温室气体排放取决于发展路径的选择，现有各种技术手段和许多在2030年以前具有市场可行性的低碳和减排技术，将以较低的成本实现有效减排；在2030年以后将温室气体浓度稳定在较低水平的成本并不高，但需要国际合作，采取一致行动，并认为可持续发展与温室气体减排可以相互促进。     

北京市平谷盆地地下水库调蓄能力模拟研究

平谷盆地第四系含水层厚度大．分布较广、蓄水条件好,形成容积巨大的天然地下水库。充分利用其地下水库容积调蓄年际、年内丰枯不均降水量,对保证北京城市稳定供水具有重要的现实意义。本文在综合分析盆地水文地质资料基础上,建立了地下水库数值模拟模型,并对地下水调蓄能力进行了模拟。结果表明,在王都庄和中桥可以建立地下水源地．两个水源地具有开采量20×104m3／d的开采潜力。在两个水源地应急开采3年后,盆地地下水位平均下降12-14m,水源地停止开采后,在其它开采条件不变的情况下,经过1个丰水年加3个平水年其地下水位基本恢复到初始状态。