Contrasting origin of post-collisional high-K calc-alkaline and shoshonitic versus alkaline and peralkaline granitoids. The use of sliding normalization

Abundant high-K calc-alkaline (HKCA) magmatism appears to be post-collisional and often shifts to shoshonitic or alkaline–peralkaline compositions in the final stages of orogeny. The nature and the causes of this transition are studied on the basis of 308 major element and of 86 unpublished trace element (including REE) analyses of the Pan-African granitoids from the Tuareg shield (Adrar des Iforas, Mali and Aïr, Niger). This database covers a wide variety of magmas from subduction-related to intraplate-type including abundant HKCA batholiths. Literature data from geodynamically well-constrained cases are also included. In addition to a conventional geochemical approach of the studied magmatism, the sliding normalization method is proposed. This tool aims at comparing magmatic series: each studied rock is normalized to the interpolated composition of the reference series that has the same SiO₂ content as the sample. This method amplifies differences in sources and in fractionation processes and allows comparison of rocks from basic to acid composition. Two distinct juvenile sources are proposed: a previously enriched phlogopite-K richterite bearing lithospheric mantle or a lower juvenile crustal equivalent for HKCA-shoshonitic magmas, and a lowest lithospheric-upper asthenospheric OIB-type mantle for alkaline-peralkaline magmatism. The first source is melted only shortly after its generation when the lithosphere was still hot, which restricts HKCA magmatism mainly to post-collisional settings. The second asthenospheric/lowest lithosphere source is by definition close to its melting temperature and can generate magma ubiquitously both in space and time. The main melting triggers are lithospheric major structures which are not only operative in a post-collisional setting but also in other environments such as intraplate setting. Geochemistry thus gives indications about the nature of the source and on geotectonic settings. However, the latter is a second rank information, which is partly model-dependant. The post-collisional period differs from other settings by a propensity to generate large amounts of magma of various kinds, among which HKCA magmatism is volumetrically the most prominent.     

On the Structural Link Between Variables in Kriging with External Drift

Kriging with external drift allows one to estimate a target variable, accounting for a densely sampled auxiliary variable. Contrary to cokriging, kriging with external drift does not make explicit the structural link between target variable and auxiliary variable, for the latter is considered to be deterministic. In this paper, we show that kriging with external drift assumes implicitly an absence of spatial dependence between the auxiliary variable and the residual of the linear regression of target variable on auxiliary variable at same point. This is the simple model with orthogonal residual, where cokriging is collocated and coincides with kriging of the residual. In this model, the cross-structure is proportional to the structure of the auxiliary variable, and the linear regression of target variable on auxiliary variable does not depend on the support.     

MELIMEX,an experimental heavy metal pollution study: Effects of increased heavy metal load on crustacea plankton

The crustacea plankton of three artificial model lakes in Lake Baldegg was observed during 15 months. Two were loaded continuously with low concentrations of five heavy metals (Hg, Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb). It was attempted to explain the significant lower abundances of the loaded limno-corrals. The results suggest that the decrease was not, or only partially, caused by the lower food supply in the loaded limnocorrals, but directly by the heavy metals. Accompaning laboratory tests show significantly increased egg-development-times for two species of those animals from the loaded limno-corrals. Two other species show a decrease of the egg production/♀. It cannot be determined if increased mortality of particular animal stages was caused by heavy metals.

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Résumé On a observé pendant 15 mois les crustacés planctoniques des trois modèles de lac installés dans le lac de Baldegg. Dans deux de ceux-ci, une charge constante de cinq métaux lourds (Hg, Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb) de faible concentration a été maintenue. On a essayé d'expliquer la faible concentration significative de plancton dans les bassins limnologiques chargés. Les résultats montrent que la diminution n'était que partiellement ou pas du tout causée par le faible approvisionnement en nourriture dans les bassins chargés, mais directement par les métaux lourds. Les tests de laboratoire montrent significativement l'augmentation du temps de développement des œufs pour deux espèces animales des bassins chargés. Deux autres espèces montrent une diminution de la production d'œufs/♀. On ne peut pas déterminer l'augmentation de la mortalité des animaux causée par les métaux lourds à des stades particuliers de développement.

     

Copper,zinc and lead minerals suspended in ocean waters

Individual particles of malachite, tenorite, paratenorite, laurionite and sphalerite, as well as several intermediate compounds of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cl, S, OH and CO₃ have been identified among paniculate matter filtered from Atlantic and Pacific deep water samples. These particulate matter samples were provided mainly by the GEOSECS 1972 and 1974 cruises. The detection and the identification of the individual heavy metal compounds were made by a combination of light microscopy, SEM, EMP and XRD. The highest frequency of heavy metal compounds has been found at several North Atlantic, and at one Antarctic stations. Their origin can, at least partly, be ascribed to technological influences, since metallic copper and brass particles are sometimes found associated with, or included in the heavy metal compounds. Others, however, result clearly from growth in the water.     

Sur lesStaurastrum du lac Léman

Among the Desmids which have been observed in the plankton of the lake of Geneva, organisms having 4 processes have been discovered. Their frequency in the water samples and the results of in vitro studies on their progeny when cultivated in several environmental conditions, allow us to consider these organisms as a form ofStaurastrum sebaldi. The triradiate organisms have been incorrectly named and one must now consider three different species.      

Garnet—biotite gneiss in ‘Système du Graphite’ (Madagascar): Petrology and fluid inclusions

Primary ‘carbonic’ fluid inclusions filled with nearly pure high density CO₂ occur in garnet in a garnet—biotite gneiss from ‘Système du Graphite’, Komajia, Madagascar (Malagasy). They have been formed during syntectonic growth of the garnet under granulite facies conditions. Most of the biotite appears to have crystallized later than the garnet under the influence of more water rich fluids.     

The Amsterdam-St. Paul volcanic province,and the formation of low Al tholeiitic andesites

The island of St. Paul in the Indian Ocean is located on the axis of the southeastern branch of the Indian Ocean Rise, as is the similar volcano of Amsterdam, 80 km to the north. Both volcanoes and possibly part of the local ridge are formed of a high-alumina plagioclase tholeiite making this a distinctive volcanic province. Lavas with Al₂O₂ contents of 12 to 22% are directly related by plagioclase fractionation. Residual rocks are a distinctive low silica, low alumina, potassic andesite with andesine and even olligoclase feldspar. Parallel lines of evolution exist in the sea floor plagioclase tholeiites, which differ only in slightly lower tenor of Sr and potassium group elements, and in the Steens Mountain tholeiites of Oregon, which differ in their significantly higher Sr and K group elements     

The subalkaline potassic magmatism of the Ballons massif (Southern Vosges,France): shoshonitic affinity

A systematic geochemical study of the Ballons plutonic complex (Southern Vosges, France) indicates that the border facies of the massif are composed of two continuous differentiation series ranging from gabbros to quartz monzonites and very similar to the shoshonitic associations (high K₂O/Na₂O ratios as well as high Ba, Sr, U and Th contents). The existence of a geochemical discontinuity between the two series and the monzogranite, which is the principal component of the massif, argues against the monzogranite being directly related to the two differentiation series by fractional crystallization. The zoned structure of the monzogranite can be attributed to in situ crystal fractionation.     

Relationships between granite-gneiss terrains,greenstone belts and granulite belts in the archean crust of Lapland (Fennoscandia)

The Archean crust of Lapland (Fennoscandia) consists of four units (from north to south): (1) the Inarijärvi nucleus, old basement complex of gneisses and greenstones, (2) the granulite belt, thick terrigenous metasedimentary sequence intruded by small amounts of calc-alkaline plutonic rocks, (3) the Tana River belt composed of tholeiitic metavolcanics, and (4) a set of gneiss domes fringed with younger greenstone belts.The main feature of their metamorphic and tectonic evolution are described. Geodynamic models applied to the Archean are discussed and a crustal evolutionary model suitable for this region is proposed.We assume that the Tana River and granulite belts represent a suture between an older domain in the north (craton of Kola Peninsula) and the northern part of the Archean basement of Central Finland.

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Zusammenfassung Die archaische Kruste von Lapland (Fennoscandia) besteht von Nord nach Süd aus vier Einheiten: (1) der Inarijärvi-Kern, ein alter Grundgebirgskomplex mit Gneisen und Grünschiefem; (2) der Granulit-Gürtel mit mächtigen terrigenen Metasedimenten, in die kleine Kalkalkaliplutone intrudierten; (3) der Tana-Gürtel, der aus tholeiitischen Metavulkaniten besteht; (4) eine Gruppe von Gneisdomen, die von jüngeren Grünschieferzonen umgeben werden.Wir nehmen an, daß der Tana-Gürtel und der Granulit-Gürtel eine Sutur zwischen einem älteren Kern im Norden (Kola-Kraton) und dem nördlichen Teil des archaischen Grundgebirges von Zentralfinnland bildet.

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Résumé La croûte archéenne de Laponie (Fennoscandie) comprend quatre unités principales. Ce sont du Nord au Sud: (1) le nucleus de l'Inarijärvi, formé par un vieux socle complexe avec des gneiss et des roches vertes, (2) la ceinture granulitique, à l'origine formée par une épaisse séquence sédimentaire térrigène et par des intrusions calcoalcalines, (3) la ceinture de la Tana River composée de métavolcanites tholéitiques et, (4) un ensemble de dÔmes de gneiss flanqués de jeunes ceintures de roches vertes.Les grands traits de l'évolution tectonométamorphique de cet ensemble sont décrits. Les modèles géodynamiques archéens classiques sont discutés et un modèle d'évolution crustale pour cette région est proposé.Nous pensons que la ceinture de la Tana River et celle des granulites représentent une suture entre un domaine ancien au Nord (craton de la Péninsule de Kola) et la partie septentrionale du socle archéen de Finlande centrale.

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Surface features associated with transform faults: A comparison between observed examples and an experimental model

In several tectonic provinces where active ridge segments are offset, transform faults are expected but not observed. This paper discusses the evolution of the surface expression of some transform faults with the help of a few geological examples and a simple experimental clay model in which the importance of en-échelon fault systems is assessed. We conclude that the azimuth of observed fault traces may not coincide with the direction of movement, but be oblique to it. Thus we must be cautious when using a fieldobserved fault direction to infer a transform-fault direction for use in plate-tectonics models. This study also suggests the scale at which the assumption of rigid plates fails.