叶方向3维空间分布的地面激光雷达反演与分析

叶方向(包括叶倾角和方位角)是决定林冠内部及其下层太阳辐射在3维空间分布的重要因素,并进而影响植被的光合作用效率和林冠的二向性反射特性。本文利用地面激光雷达扫描系统(TLS)对一棵人工阔叶树在水平圆形轨道设置等间距6站进行扫描,获取其完整覆盖的3维点云数据。在手动选取78片点云完整叶片数据的基础上,通过重建单点在其邻域内的法向量和所在叶片主轴方向分别得到了叶的倾角和方位角分布,将构成每片叶子的所有点的倾角和方位角各自均值作为其倾角和方位角。通过与利用角度尺和罗盘进行逐叶片手动测量结果对比发现:基于TLS计算的叶倾角和方位角与手动测量结果均具有较强的相关性,R2分别为0.88(N=209,p0.001)和0.97(N=78,p0.001)。本文方法能准确获取林冠元素的3维空间分布,为估算森林冠层在任意给定光照条件下的消光系数提供了理论基础,为促进地面激光雷达在植被冠层3维结构参数,特别是叶面积指数的反演起到了积极作用。     

The Population Features of Methanogens and the Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons in Coal Organic Matters

<正>Methanogens are essential in the formation of biogenic methane and have wide distribution in lakes,swamps,paddy fields and ruminant rumen in the earth surface ecosystem.As a very important greenhouse gas,methane of different sources can induce global warming(Table 1).Hence,more and more attentions are paid to the population features of methanogens and formation     

Accumulation Dynamics Mechanism and Gas Origin of Coalbed Methane in Huainan and Huaibei Coalfields, Eastern China

<正>Coalbed gas or coalbed methane as a clean nonconventional natural gas has been caused a widely attention in the world.Although there were many countries engaging in the coalbed gas exploration and development,only few countries,such as America,Canada and Australia have achieved commercialized development.Based on the coalbed gas genetic type,the     

A Simulation Study on the Characteristics of Cloud Microphysics of Heavy Rainfall in the Meiyu Front

A heavy rainfall in the Meiyu front during 4--5 July 2003 is simulated by use of the non-hydrostatic mesoscale model MM5 (V3--6) with different explicit cloud microphysical parameterization schemes. The characteristics of microphysical process of convective cloud are studied by the model outputs. The simulation study reveals that: (1) The mesoscale model MM5 with explicit cloud microphysical process is capable of simulating the instant heavy rainfall in the Meiyu front, the rainfall simulation could be improved significantly as the model resolution is increased, and the Goddard scheme is better than the Reisner or Schultz scheme. (2) The convective cloud in the Meiyu front has a comprehensive structure composed of solid, liquid and vapor phases of water, the mass density of water vapor is the largest one in the cloud; the next one is graupel, while those of ice, snow, rain water and the cloud water are almost same. The height at which mass density peaks for different hydrometeors is almost unchangeable during the heavy rainfall period. The mass density variation of rain water, ice, and graupel are consistent with that of ground precipitation, while that of water vapor in the low levels is 1--2 h earlier than the precipitation. (3) The main contribution to the water vapor budget in the atmosphere is the convergence of vapor flux through advection and convection, which provides the main vapor source of the rainfall. Besides the basic process of the auto-conversion of cloud water to rain water, there is an additional cloud microphysical process that is essential to the formation of instant heavy rainfall, the ice-phase crystals are transformed into graupels first and then the increased graupels mix with cloud water and accelerates the conversion of cloud water to rain water. The positive feedback mechanism between latent heat release and convection is the main cause to maintain and develop the heavy precipitation.     

港口规划环境影响评价与生态规划的技术思路探讨

针对港口经济快速发展和海洋生态环境污染日趋严重的形势,系统地提出了港口建设规划环境影响评价与港口环境规划的技术思路.提出要在区域生态环境调查、港区环境容量研究以及环境影响有效识别的基础上确定环境目标、评价指标;从港区污水产生量及水资源需求估算,生产及生活需水量与排水量预测,相关规划方案实施后污水排放对港区水环境影响分析等方面探讨了水环境影响评价的主要内容;从生态环境的功能与稳定性分析,海洋生物群落稳定性分析,海洋渔业资源可持续性分析,吹填造陆对生态环境的影响分析以及生态资源承载力分析等方面探讨了生态环境影响预测分析的主要内容;从污染气象分析,污染物排放量预测,污染预测结果分析等方面探讨了大气环境影响预测的内容.结合对绿色港口建设模式及指标体系探讨,从环境保护基础设施完善、港区污染防治、环境风险防范管理、港区海洋生物资源保护、海洋产业结构调整、港区海洋生态修复/建设等方面提出了港口生态规划的思路.     

2007中国北极黄河站夏季科学考察及黄河站概况

北极地区独特的自然条件和地理位置在全球气候变化中扮演着重要的角色.我国位于北半球,北极系统对我国的气候、环境、生态甚至社会生活等诸方面有着十分重要的影响.本文对2007年夏季中国北极科考内容作了简要介绍,并介绍了北极黄河站以及黄河站所在的斯瓦尔巴德群岛(斯匹次卑尔根群岛)、新奥尔松等地区的相关情况.     

表层海水古温度再造方法的研究进展

表层海水温度（简称SST）的变化,已经成为古海洋学研究中一项至关重要的基础资料。古温度的定量估算已成为理解地球气候系统演化的关键性环节,是古环境研究中的前沿问题,海水古温度再造方法备受关注。从最初的标志种和标志性生物组合,到后来的转换函数估算海水表层温度,再发展到用地球化学方法获得古海水温度,如有孔虫氧同位素、U37^k和有孔虫Mg/Ca比、珊瑚骨骼Sr/Ca、U/Ca和Mg/Ca等,古海水温度的估算方法日趋完善。从原理、方法的优缺点及适用范围等角度,对这些方法进行了介绍,并对将来表层海水古温度研究工作提出了一些建议。     

絮凝剂-树脂联合法从琼胶中制备琼脂糖工艺研究

琼脂糖是一种具有高凝胶特性的天然高分子红藻多糖,具有良好的物理、化学和热稳定性,在医学和科研方面具有广泛的用途。在琼脂糖制备工业中,传统生产技术的局限性造成了国内琼脂糖尚未规模化生产。因此,有必要开发新的成本可控的琼脂糖制备方法。本文采用一种聚丙烯酰胺和弱碱性苯丙烯系阴离子交换树脂联用的方法来分离制备琼脂糖,以江蓠琼胶为原料,通过单因素试验优化琼脂糖的制备参数并对琼脂糖的理化指标进行测定。所得琼脂糖硫酸根含量为0.22%、凝胶强度为1 524 g/cm²、透明度为58.9%,凝固温度为39.7℃、融化温度为87.6℃,表明其具有相对较高的质量。该工艺简单经济,对发展琼脂糖工业具有一定的参考价值。     

郑氏熏洗药泡腾颗粒与软膏的镇痛效果研究

目的：考查郑氏熏洗药泡腾颗粒、软膏的镇痛效果,为其临床应用提供实验依据。方法：选取昆明小鼠160只,将每80只小鼠分为8组,空白对照组,阳性对照组,郑氏熏洗泡腾药颗粒高、中、低剂量组（分别简称为泡腾颗粒高、中、低剂量组）,郑氏熏洗药软膏高、中、低剂量组（分别简称为软膏高、中、低剂量组）,每组各10只。采用热板法和扭体法观察泡腾颗粒与软膏2种剂型对小鼠热刺激致痛反应及化学刺激致痛反应的影响,评价2种剂型的镇痛作用。结果：给药后,泡腾颗粒高剂量组30、60、120、240 min的痛阈值,中剂量组30、60、120 min的痛阈值均均增高,泡腾颗粒低剂量组30 min的痛阈值增高;软膏高、中剂量组30、60、120、240、360 min的痛阈值增高,软膏低剂量组30、60、120 min的痛阈值均增高,与空白对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05,P<0.01）。软膏高剂量组扭体反应的潜伏期较空白对照组升高（P＜0.05）;泡腾颗粒高剂量组,软膏高、中剂量组小鼠扭体次数较空白对照组减少,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：郑氏熏洗药泡腾颗粒、软膏2种剂型均具有显著的镇痛作用,软膏较泡腾颗粒镇痛作用稍强。