New constraints on Precambrian ocean composition

The Precambrian record of carbonate and evaporite sedimentation is equivocal. In contrast to most previous interpretations, it is possible that Archean, Paleoproterozoic, and to a lesser extent, Meso to Neoproterozoic seawater favored surplus abiotic carbonate precipitation, as aragonite and (hi-Mg?) calcite, in comparison to younger times. Furthermore, gypsum/anhydrite may have been only rarely precipitated prior to halite precipitation during evaporation prior to about 1.8 Ga. Two effects may have contributed to these relationships. First, sulfate concentration of seawater may have been critically low prior to about 1.9 Ga so the product mCa++ x mSO4-- would not have produced gypsum before halite, as in the Mesoproterozoic to modern ocean. Second, the bicarbonate to calcium ratio was sufficiently high so that during progressive evaporation of seawater, calcium would have been exhausted before the gypsum field was reached. The pH of the Archean and Paleoproterozoic ocean need not have been significantly different from the modern value of 8.1, even at CO2 partial pressures of a tenth of an atmosphere. Higher CO2 partial pressures require somewhat lower pH values.     

2000年姚安地震的震源参数

根据近场小孔径观测台网记录的余震序列资料，研究了2000年1月15日云南姚安MS6.4地震序列的地震物理过程. 用地震标定律关系估算主震的地震矩M0=1.58×1018N·m，矩震级MW=6.0，平均位错=0.63m，断层长度L=16.6km，断层宽度W=5.6km. 余震序列的高精度定位结果和能量分布走向，很好地证实了主震的断层破裂走向为N50°W，震区马尾菁断裂为主震发震构造，断层错动性质以右旋走滑为主. 用横波记录资料及波谱分析方法估算出余震的震源参数: 地震矩范围为1010～1016N·m，震源破裂半径a为80～500m，地震应力降范围为0.01～9.5MPa. 较大应力降(Δσ>1.0MPa)沿主断层线性排列，大应力降(Δσ>2.0MPa)与ML≥3.0级地震相关. 余震能量释放和高应力降的地震多发生在6.0～11km的深度范围，说明在这一深度范围内最大程度地集中了地壳中的应力.     

砂岩油藏孔隙压力的测井解释方法

以大庆油田砂岩渗透性油藏为例，从砂岩油藏自然电位测井原理出发，依据过滤电位形成机理建立了通用的压力解释数学模型，应用测井数据对油层进行孔隙压力解释。编制自动扫描软件，在测井现场打印孔隙压力剖面，也可以进行室内解释。该方法具有计算精度高、生成速度快、可操作性强等特点，为钻井工艺设计提供了必要的压力资料，在油田开发调整方面也具有一定的实际意义。     

1995年武定6.5级地震余震的S波分裂

1995年 10月 2 4日云南武定发生MS6 5地震。分析田心三分向数字记录 ,从 77个余震中获得 45个余震的S波分裂数据。快速S波偏振有两个优势取向 ,分别为N32°E和N94°E ,二者与震源应力场的主压应力方向N140°E相差甚大 ,不是应力场导致的EDA裂隙系各向异性结果。武定地震发生在近南北走向的汤朗—易门断裂被次级的北西向断裂交切的地区。快S波N32°E偏振方向与汤朗—易门断裂走向接近 ,且又与震源S波固有偏振方向相同 ,难以辨别是构造抑或是应力引起的各向异性结果。分析认为 ,N94°E偏振方向是北西向断层系各向异性产生。两个偏振方向是在同一台站观测到 ,说明两个不同的各向异性体只能在某一深度之下的震源区内     

东天山喀拉塔格地区星星峡岩群岩石组合、变形变质特征及时代归属讨论

研究区位于阿奇山-喀拉塔格地块,北为康古尔塔格造山带,南以干沟-卡瓦布拉克断裂为界与南天山造山带毗邻,向东越过罗布泊-尾亚断裂即为星星峡-旱山地块(李锦轶等,2002).     

古地图的故事——马代巴：马赛克铺成的地图

文艺复兴和地理大发现彻底改变了西方人的空间观念。艺术家、探险家、商人都成为地图的绘制者,自然科学突飞猛进,新知识和新技术极大地促进了地图的发展。     

中蒙地区沙尘暴研究的若干进展

本文首先回顾了近20多年来我国沙尘暴研究的3个主要阶段,然后从沙尘观测、沙尘暴气候学、沙尘暴爆发和沙尘传输的环流型、沙尘暴活动的年代际变化和原因、以及待深入研究的问题等5方面简要评述了它的研究进展和问题. 指出中蒙沙尘主要来源于中国西北及蒙古国南部和西北部地区;随沙尘天气强度逐渐加强（即从背景大气到浮尘、扬沙、沙尘暴、强及特强沙尘暴）,它们的地面沙尘浓度约按3倍的比率依次递增;揭示了我国北方及蒙古国南部的七大沙尘暴多发区,沙尘暴主要出现在春季午后至傍晚间丰富的沙源,强风和不稳定的大气层结是形成沙尘暴的3个主要因子;中蒙地区沙尘暴爆发的环流主要有低压冷锋型和低压、冷锋加中尺度系统的强对流型两类,前者占绝大多数,后者是极少数,但为沙尘暴爆发短期预报的难点,沙尘的传输主要决定于低空环流型;近50年来中蒙地区的沙尘暴活动呈波动变化,而且中蒙中、东及西区三区系的变化不完全相同. 它们与北方风沙区生态环境恶化,特别是蒙古及日本海附近气旋频数的年代际变化有关;防御沙尘暴重点要抓上述七大多发区生态环境的治理及沙尘暴预警系统的建立,治理措施要因地制宜;要加强沙尘暴爆发和沙尘输送的数值预报和模拟研究.     

Distribution and sources of surfzone bacteria at Huntington Beach before and after disinfection on an ocean outfall-- a frequency-domain analysis

Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) were measured approximately 5 days a week in ankle-depth water at 19 surfzone stations along Huntington Beach and Newport Beach, California, from 1998 to the end of 2003. These sampling periods span the time before and after treated sewage effluent, discharged into the coastal ocean from the local outfall, was disinfected. Bacterial samples were also taken in the vicinity of the outfall during the pre- and post-disinfection periods. Our analysis of the results from both data sets suggest that land-based sources, rather than the local outfall, were the source of the FIB responsible for the frequent closures and postings of local beaches in the summers of 2001 and 2002. Because the annual cycle is the dominant frequency in the fecal and total coliform data sets at most sampling stations, we infer that sources associated with local runoff were responsible for the majority of coliform contamination along wide stretches of the beach. The dominant fortnightly cycle in enterococci at many surfzone sampling stations suggests that the source for these relatively frequent bacteria contamination events in summer is related to the wetting and draining of the land due to the large tidal excursions found during spring tides. Along the most frequently closed section of the beach at stations 3N-15N, the fortnightly cycle is dominant in all FIBs. The strikingly different spatial and spectral patterns found in coliform and in enterococci suggest the presence of different sources, at least for large sections of beach. The presence of a relatively large enterococci fortnightly cycle along the beaches near Newport Harbor indicates that contamination sources similar to those found off Huntington Beach are present, though not at high enough levels to close the Newport beaches.     

云南地区地震视应力的时间和空间分布研究

利用地面运动峰值速度(rmiddot;v)测定地震波辐射能ER的方法,详细研究了云南地区中小地震和两次余震序列的地震视应力sigma;a的时空分布. 结果表明,视应力在空间分布上存在明显的非均匀性,高视应力集中区与中小地震活动频繁地区相关. 在大姚6.2级主震前,视应力出现了高值变化时段,是平均值0.25 MPa的5倍,且主震及周围地区具有相对较高的视应力值. 因此,视应力的时空变化特征可作为地震危险性预测的一种新的判据,余震序列视应力sigma;aA与主震视应力sigma;aM之比一般小于1.0.