消油剂乳化性能评价方法及影响因素研究进展

海洋溢油事故频发的今天,消油剂的使用作为一种行之有效的溢油应急处置措施,受到了越来越多的关注。文章在文献调研的基础上,总结了国内外针对消油剂乳化性能评价方法及影响因素所开展的相关研究成果,分析了不同测试方法的特点及颗粒粒径、波浪类型、温度、黏度等因素对消油剂乳化性能的影响。     

Seasonal fluctuations of tissue mercury contents in the European shore crab Carcinus maenas from low and high contamination areas (Ria de Aveiro, Portugal)

The main objective was to study the seasonal variation of mercury concentrations in different tissues (muscle, hepatopancreas and gills) of Carcinus maenas from low and high Hg contaminated areas, a valuable resource in temperate estuaries and a possible pathway for human uptake. Individuals of two size classes (around 35 and 55 mm cephalothorax wide) were captured monthly between March 1999 and May 2000 in two areas of Ria de Aveiro: in the main navigation channel that connects the lagoon to the sea, and in the inner lagoon area heavily contaminated by mercury (maximum Hg in sediments of 5.4 microg g(-1)). Pronounced decreases in salinity and temperature and reduced food availability in winter seemed to be the responsible for the decline of the crab condition index (0.75-0.45) in larger individuals. Muscle and hepatopancreas exhibited higher mercury concentrations than gills, with concentrations in the contaminated site ranging from 0.03 to 0.63 microg g(-1) and 0.02 to 0.34 microg g(-1), respectively. Linear regressions between muscle and hepatopancreas (r=0.94, p<0.001) and muscle and gills (r=0.97, p<0.001) suggested a rapid redistribution of mercury inside the organism. During winter, a rapid elimination of mercury was found in the three analysed tissues followed by uptake. Larger crabs presented elimination rates from 18 to 34 ng g(-1) per week, while the smaller crabs showed lower elimination rates (10-24 ng g(-1) per week). The uptake was similar in both size classes (11-15 ng g(-1) and 8.1-15 ng g(-1) per week, respectively for large and small crabs). Our results suggest that C. maenas harvested in the contaminated areas must be considered with caution, since Hg concentrations were found to exceed the threshold concentration allowed for human consumption (0.5 microg g(-1)).     

Identification, definition and quantification of goods and services provided by marine biodiversity: implications for the ecosystem approach

This paper identifies and defines ecosystem goods and services provided by marine biodiversity. Case studies have been used to provide an insight into the practical issues associated with the assessment of marine ecosystem goods and services at specific locations. The aim of this research was to validate the definitions of goods and services, and to identify knowledge gaps and likely difficulties of quantifying the goods and services. A validated theoretical framework for the assessment of goods and services is detailed, and examples of the goods and services at a variety of case study areas are documented. These results will enable future assessments of marine ecosystem goods and services. It is concluded that the utilisation of this goods and services approach has the capacity to play a fundamental role in the Ecosystem Approach, by enabling the pressures and demands of society, the economy and the environment to be integrated into environmental management.     

吉林省红旗沟金矿床地质地球化学特征及成因分析

红旗沟金矿床主要产于元古宇色洛河群地层和花岗岩-绿岩带中,矿化类型主要为石英脉型-蚀变岩型,矿体受北西向构造控制,矿床成因类型属沉积-变质(再造)金矿床。区域地球化学场趋势显示该区为金矿集中区,大多数土壤地球化学测量结果具有直接指导地表工程布置和有可能发现矿体及矿化体的作用。     

生态水文科学古人的现状与展望

生态水文科学研究是区域生态系统研究和区域水文科学研究的交叉领域，其核心内容是揭示不同环境条件下植物与水的相互关系机理，探索各种植被的生态水文作用过程。近年来，生态与水文相互作用过程的数学模拟和专门模型研制日益成为重要的发展领域，同时，生态水文学的研究十分注重尺度效应，把在一定尺度上获得的水文与生态原理或模型向其它不同尺度转换已成为最具挑战性的问题。山地生态系统成为全球变化研究最为重要的研究场所，开展与全球变化相关的生态系统物质与能量循环、生态过程的梯度效应及其与水文过程的耦合关系、生态系统结构与功能及其变化等方面的研究，是生态水文学研究最具活力的方向，其中建立包含区域气候变化因素的多元生态过程动态模拟模型，并使该模型具有不同时空尺度、不同地貌和生态带的广泛适应性是目前广泛关注的热点问题。     

400℃Cu—Bi—Te三元系及相平衡关系

利用干法真空石英玻璃管合成实验方法成功地构筑了Cu-Bi-Te三元系400℃时的相平衡图。在此实验温度条件下，该相图中除了存在着8个已知的矿物相、1个合成的Bi-Te二元相和2个液相共熔区外，同时还存在着一个新的Cu-Te二元相Cu9Te5以及两个Cu-Bi-Te三元相CuBiTe和Cu3BiTe3。     

青藏高原北部东昆仑-羌塘地区的岩石圈结构及岩石圈剪切断层

通过横穿青藏高原北部东昆仑-羌塘地区的格尔木-唐古拉山口(西段)和共和-玉树(东段)两条天然地震探测剖面的综合研究, 揭示东昆仑-羌塘地区岩石圈结构的如下特征: (1)地壳厚度自南往北由70~75 km减小至55~60 km, 西段厚度变化幅度(10 km)较东段(20 km)小; (2)地壳具高速与低速转换界面相间组成的层状结构, 东段中地壳为透镜状低速层; (3)在150 km深度范围内岩石圈的物理状态具高速体和低速体相间特征; (4)岩石圈结构不连续性表明地体边界及地体内部存在150~250 km深度的3条主要的岩石圈剪切断层带: 昆南-阿尼玛卿岩石圈剪切断裂带、金沙江岩石圈剪切断裂带和鲜水河岩石圈剪切断裂带. 推测青藏高原北部存在岩石圈规模的向东挤出作用.     

地电前兆中期向短临过渡的综合判据

通过分析唐山、大同、海城等强震的地电前兆,提出判断地震前兆的主要标准:直接或间接反映应变积累的信息可定为地震前兆。论证唐山地震前2—3年区域电阻率下降是该区震前应变积累的反映,即唐山震前地电区域下降是地震的中期前兆。地电中期前兆具有震中区幅度较大,外围较小,前兆从震中向外围传播等规律。地电前兆中期向短临过渡的判据有:加速、回返、各向异性及触发等。     

减灾与全球变化

１９９４年１月２４日，在美国田纳西州的纳什维尔召开了国际减灾十年讨论会，该会与美国气象学会第七十四届年会联合召开，本文是向这次会议提交的三篇系列文章中的第三篇。