从钻井测温曲线看地下水流方向及油气储藏条件——以川东南地区丁山1井为例

实测丁山1井测温曲线显示:温度向井底持续升高,井口温度25℃左右,井底温度107.5℃。温度曲线在1 000～3 000 m深度范围内出现"上凸"的扰动现象。现今平均地温梯度纵向上分段明显:三叠系及二叠系地层平均地温梯度为23.94℃/km;志留系和奥陶系地层平均地温梯度较大,为37.27℃/km;寒武系地层平均地温梯度较低,为16.65℃/100m。根据地温梯度分段性特征与地层热导率、地层岩性的相关性分析认为地下流体垂向上升运动造成了温度曲线扰动。进而推断出下奥陶统—中寒武统的地层具有较高的孔隙度和渗透率,而中奥陶统—志留系的地层则具有良好的封堵性,而这种上盖下储的地层组合,对油气成藏较为有利,反映了川东南地区下组合良好的油气储藏条件。     

减灾与全球变化

１９９４年１月２４日，在美国田纳西州的纳什维尔召开了国际减灾十年讨论会，该会与美国气象学会第七十四届年会联合召开，本文是向这次会议提交的三篇系列文章中的第三篇。     

Reobserving the Extreme-Ultraviolet Emission from Abell 2199: In Situ Measurement of Background Distribution by Offset Pointing

The EUV excess emission from the clusters A2199 and A1795 remains an unexplained astrophysical phenomenon. There has been many unsuccessful attempts to "trivialize" the findings. In this Letter, we present direct evidence proving that the most recent of such attempts, which attributes the detected signals to a background nonuniformity effect, is likewise excluded. We address the issue by a reobservation of A2199 that features a new filter orientation, usage of a more sensitive part of the detector, and, most crucially, the inclusion of a background pointing at approximately 2 degrees offset-the first in situ measurement of its kind. We first demonstrate quantitatively two facts: (1) the offset pointing provides an accurate background template for the cluster observation, while (2) data from other blank fields do not. We then performed a point-to-point subtraction of the in situ background from the cluster field, with an appropriate propagation of errors. The resulting cluster radial profile is consistent with that obtained by our original method of subtracting a flat asymptotic background. The emission now extends to a radius of 20&arcmin;; it confirms the rising prominence of EUV excess beyond approximately 5&arcmin; as previously reported.     

世界气象组织的未来

值此国际气象组织——世界气象组织成立100周年之际,自然会引起我们回顾以往100年间所经历的事件。对此,我们怀着满意的心情来回顾这一时期整个国际气象学界所取得的显著进步。庆祝世界气象组织成立100周年,同时也是展望未来的一个极好机会。因此,本文打算就世界气象组织的未来,扼要地提出一些看法。     

对气象学的过去、现在和未来的一些想法

从严格的意义上说,气象学作为一门科学是在17和18世纪由那些对大气及其活动感兴趣的纯研究工作者、物理学家和天文学家创立的。但在古代就有人采用简易方法在观测大气方面作了大量的尝试,以便将观测结果在日常活动中使用。     

玻利维亚普拉卡约与火山穹丘有关的浅成热液贵金属,贱金属矿化作用

本文总结了玻利维亚普拉卡矿床的地质背景，热液蚀变，矿石矿物和矿石沉淀的控制因素，并提出了一个与火山穹丘相伴生的贵金属，贱金属成矿模式。     

Chemical characterization of porewaters in an intertidal mudflat of the Seine estuary: relationship to erosion-deposition cycles

A seasonal field study was carried out in the Seine estuary to determine the chemistry of sediment porewaters using the 'peeper' technique and changes in the elevation of the mudflats using the 'Altus' technique. This approach allowed us to evaluate the release of nutrients and to link these releases to the sediment hydrodynamics. Our results show that nutrient and organic matter cycling in a Seine estuary mudflat exhibits a seasonal behaviour, which is mainly influenced by variations in hydrodynamics. Sediments, rich organic matter, were input during floods and they were mineralized during summer and autumn, releasing nutrients and dissolved organic carbon into the sediment porewaters. The nutrient release, including ammonium, is mainly linked to the mineralization of organic matter, while the release of phosphate is delayed. The delay could be the result of phosphate association with organic matter and/or its co-precipitation with calcium and iron.     

Aquifer vulnerability to pesticide migration through till aquitards

This study investigates the influence of key factors-mainly recharge rate and degradation half-life--on downward migration of the widely used pesticide mecoprop (MCPP) through a typical clayey till aquitard. The study uses the numerical model FRAC3Dvs, which is a three-dimensional discrete fracture/matrix diffusion (DFMD) numerical transport model. The model was calibrated with laboratory and field data from a site near Havdrup, Denmark, but the overall findings are expected to be relevant to many other sites in similar settings. Fracture flow and MCPP transport parameters for the model were obtained through calibration using well-characterized laboratory experiments with large (0.5 m diameter by 0.5 m high) undisturbed columns of the fractured till and a field experiment. A second level of upscaling and sensitivity analysis was then carried out using data on hydraulic head, fracture spacing, and water budget from the field site. The simulations of downward migration of MCPP show that MCPP concentration and mass flux into the underlying aquifer, and hence the aquifer vulnerability to this pesticide compound, is mainly dependent on the degradation rate of the pesticide, the overall aquitard water budget, and the ground water recharge rate into the aquifer. The influence of flow rate, matrix diffusion, and degradation rate are intertwined. This results in one to four orders of magnitude higher MCPP flux into the aquifer from aquifer recharge rates of 20 and 120 mm/yr, respectively, for no degradation and MCPP half-life of 0.5 yr. From a sensitivity analysis it was found that the range of MCPP flux into the aquifer varied less than one order of magnitude due to (1) changing fracture spacing from 1 to 10 m, or (2) preferential flow along inclined thin sand layers, which represent common conditions for the current and other settings of clayey till in Denmark and other glaciated areas in Europe and North America. The results indicate that for aquifers overlain by fractured clayey tills, the vulnerability to contamination with pesticides (pesticide flux into the aquifer) and other widespread agricultural contaminants is going to vary strongly in the watershed as a function of the distribution of aquitard water budget (flow rate) and aquitard redox environment (controlling contaminant degradation rates), even if the thickness of the till is relatively constant. DFMD modeling of cause-effect relationships within such systems has great potential to support decisions in planning, regulation, and contaminant remediation.