Size distribution and chemical composition of marine aerosols: a compilation and review

Some 30 years of physical and chemical marine aerosol data are reviewed to derive global‐size distribution parameters and inorganic particle composition on a coarse 15°×15° grid. There are large gaps in geographical and seasonal coverage and chemical and physical aerosol characterisation. About 28% of the grid cells contain physical data while there are compositional data in some 60% of the cells. The size distribution data were parametrized in terms of 2 submicrometer log‐normal distributions. The sparseness of the data did not allow zonal differentiation of the distributions. By segregating the chemical data according to the major aerosol sources, sea salt, dimethylsulfide, crustal material, combustion processes and other anthropogenic sources, much information on mass concentrations and contribution of natural and anthropogenic sources to the marine aerosol can be gleaned from the data base. There are significant meridional differences in the contributions of the different sources to the marine aerosol. Very clearly, we see though that the global marine surface atmosphere is polluted by anthropogenic sulfur. Only in the case of sulfur components did the coverage allow the presentation of very coarse seasonal distributions which reflect the spring blooms in the appropriate parts of the oceans. As an example of the potential value in comparing the marine aerosol data base to chemical transport models, global seasonal meridional MSA distributions were compared to modelled MSA distributions. The general good agreement in mass concentrations is encouraging while some latitudinal discrepancies warrant further investigations covering other aerosol components such as black carbon and metals.     

基于16S rDNA和看家基因序列分析技术的鲍鱼养殖水体弧菌种类的鉴定

采用TCBS选择性培养基从厦门某鲍鱼养殖场的养殖水体中分离到19株细菌.经16S rDNA序列分析,所有菌株均属于弧菌属（Vibrio）,且与最近似的弧菌模式种的同源性都在98.99%以上.由于弧菌种间16S rDNA序列相似度极高,无法仅靠16S rDNA序列比对来鉴定这些菌株到种的水平.16S rDNA序列的系统发育分析也显示,大多数菌株与弧菌模式种无法归为一簇,表明16S rDNA基因在弧菌种的分类鉴定上分辨率不高.进一步采用基于4种看家基因（rpo A、pyr H、gap A和top A）的多位点序列分析技术（MLSA）对分离到的弧菌菌株进行分类鉴定,结果显示19株海洋弧菌归于溶藻弧菌（Vibrio alginalyticus）与魔鬼弧菌（Vibrio diabolicus）2个种,表明这两种弧菌是该鲍鱼养殖场水体环境中的优势弧菌种,在鲍鱼养殖弧菌病害防治方面需要重点关注.此外,看家基因与16S rDNA基因的多态性分析表明,4种看家基因的多态位点比率均高于16S rDNA.4种看家基因串联后的多态位点比率高达41.1%,远高于16S r DNA基因的13.4%,表明看家基因相较于16S rDNA基因有着更高的分辨率,更适合于海洋弧菌的分类鉴定.