GLONASS phase bias estimation and its PPP ambiguity resolution using homogeneous receivers

Integer ambiguity resolution (IAR) appreciably improves the position accuracy and shortens the convergence time of precise point positioning (PPP). However, while many studies are limited to GPS, there is a need to investigate the performance of GLONASS PPP ambiguity resolution. Unfortunately, because of the frequency-division multiple-access strategy of GLONASS, GLONASS PPP IAR faces two obstacles. First, simultaneously observed satellites operate at different wavelengths. Second and most importantly, distinct inter-frequency bias (IFB) exists between different satellites. For the former, we adopt an undifferenced method for uncalibrated phase delay (UPD) estimation and proposed an undifferenced PPP IAR strategy. We select a set of homogeneous receivers with identical receiver IFB to perform UPD estimation and PPP IAR. The code and carrier phase IFBs can be absorbed by satellite wide-lane and narrow-lane UPDs, respectively, which is in turn consistent with PPP IAR using the same type of receivers. In order to verify the method, we used 50 stations to generate satellite UPDs and another 12 stations selected as users to perform PPP IAR. We found that the GLONASS satellite UPDs are stable in time and space and can be estimated with high accuracy and reliability. After applying UPD correction, 91 % of wide-lane ambiguities and 99 % of narrow-lane ambiguities are within (?0.15, +0.15) cycles of the nearest integer. After ambiguity resolution, the 2-hour static PPP accuracy improves from (0.66, 1.42, 1.55) cm to (0.38, 0.39, 1.39) cm for the north, east, and up components, respectively.     

Point grid map: a new type of thematic map for statistical data associated with geographic points

ABSTRACT

Social, economic, and environmental statistical data associated with geographic points are currently globally available in large amounts. When conventional thematic maps, such as proportional symbol maps or point diagram maps, are used to represent these data, the maps appear cluttered if the point data volumes are relatively large or cover a relatively dense region. To overcome these limitations, we propose a new type of thematic map for statistical data associated with geographic points: the point grid map. In a point grid map, an input point data set is transformed into a grid in which each point is represented by a square grid cell of equal size while preserving the relative position of each point, which leads to a clear and uncluttered appearance, and the grid cells can be shaded or patterned with symbols or diagrams according to the attributes of the points. We present an algorithm to construct a point grid map and test it with several simulated and real data sets. Furthermore, we present some variants of the point grid map.     

海潮负荷效应对我国及周边IGS站的影响

针对近海区域海潮变化复杂且海潮负荷效应显著,而全球海潮模型在近海区域精度较低的问题,该文提出了将全球海潮模型NAO.99b和区域模型osu.chinasea.2010相结合,分析海潮对中国大陆及周边地区IGS站的影响。使用GAMIT软件解算IGS站实测数据,通过海潮负荷计算软件SPOTL对解算结果进行改正,并对改正效果进行对比和分析。结果表明,海潮负荷对中国及周边区域站点的影响主要体现在垂直方向,对一些站点的影响可以达到厘米级;海潮负荷对站点坐标的改正效果明显,特别是日本的种子岛站改正效果接近30%;站点改正效果从沿海到内陆逐渐减弱。     

中国大陆GNSS连续站观测噪声的时空分布

为了全面分析我国大陆及其周边GNSS连续站噪声的空间分布规律,该文基于陆态网络260个GNSS连续站和周边区域10个IGS站的观测数据,利用GAMIT/GLOBK软件进行解算,得到各站的坐标值及其N、E、U 3分量误差值,制定筛选标准,依据该标准剔除质量差的测站,剔除异常值;利用Matlab软件,按照东向(E分量)、北向(N分量)、垂向(U分量)3个方向进行拟合,并提取各测站单日解的最大误差值出现的年积日,绘制其在我国大陆的空间分布图,得到中国大陆GNSS连续站最大单日误差值的时空分布特性图。发现大部分GNSS连续站单日最大误差值集中在夏季(7月居多)并分析了原因。     

大气动力学中三种Rossby波作用通量的特征差异和适用性比较

大气动力学诊断Rossby波的传播时,通常用波作用通量来表示。常用的三种波作用通量分别为Plumb波作用通量,T-N波作用通量和局地E-P通量。本文详细讨论了这三种方法的特征差异,并结合2016年1月的一次寒潮事件,比较了三种方法在该事件中的适用性。结果表明:1)Plumb波作用通量的纬向分量较大而经向分量较小,适用于振幅较小的纬向均匀的西风带Rossby长波的诊断。2)T-N波作用通量是对Plumb波作用通量的改进,经向分量得以增强,能更好地描述纬向非均匀气流中的较大振幅的西风带Rossby长波扰动。T-N波作用通量计算时,背景场取多年平均的当月气候场较合适,能更好地反映当前季节内的Rossby波传播异常。3)局地E-P通量可以诊断一段时间内天气尺度瞬变波对背景场(定常波)总的调控作用,但无法直接反映Rossby长波的逐时演变(T-N波或Plumb波作用通量则可以)。     

盆地沉降史研究的新方法—波动分析

波动分析方法为前苏联学者提出，认为沉积地的演化过程受不同的周期波所控制。介绍了该方法的产生过程，基本原理，工作方法和所能解决的南持问题，最后对该方法进行了评价。     

Effects of Enclosure on Plant and Soil Restoration in the Junggar Desert

Enclosure is commonly used in the restoration of degraded grasslands. However, the effects of enclosure on grassland plant and soil restoration remain controversial, particularly in deserts. To assess the effects of enclosure on desert plants and soil properties, using high throughput sequencing, the differences between plants and soil were systematically analyzed before and after enclosure construction. The soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus contents of the three desert flora increased and decreased, but the difference was not significant; enclosure increased plant height, coverage, aboveground biomass, and species richness by 58.99%, 59.35%, 33.29%, and 51.21%, respectively, in a Seriphidium transiliense formation; by 15.49%, 33.52%, 20.85%, and 5.13%, respectively, in a Haloxylon persicum formation; and by 83.80%, 31.51%, 76.66% and 33.33%, respectively, in an Anabasis salsa formation. For soil bacteria, enclosure significantly increased the average number of operational taxonomic units and Shannon-Wiener index by 12.74% and 2.92%, respectively, under S. transiliense formation and by 17.08% and 3.17%, respectively, under H. persicum formation. However, enclosure had no significant effect on the average number of operational taxonomic units or Shannon-Wiener index under A. salsa formation. Enclosure significantly increased desert plants, soil bacterial diversity, and desert plant community productivity; however, the increase in soil nutrient content was not significant. These results demonstrate that enclosure is effective for restoring desert ecosystems but may have little effect on the soil nutrient content.     

利用双金刚烷指标研究济阳坳陷凝析油的成熟度和类型

根据济阳坳陷烃源岩中的双金刚烷指标与镜质组反射率实测值,建立了它们之间的数值对应关系,根据这种关系确定了济阳坳陷凝析油的成熟度,它们均属成熟—高成熟阶段的演化产物,Ro值在1.26%以上。利用二甲基双金刚烷类型判识指标,判识出济阳坳陷凝析油为煤成和湖相混合有机质生成两种类型。     

东营凹陷民丰地区天然气生成机理与化学动力学研究

民丰地区天然气存在源岩热解和原油裂解成因的争议。本文采用高压釜封闭体系对该区烃源岩和原油样品分别进行了热模拟实验,从烃类气体生成过程、气态烃与部分单体烃生成动力学特征讨论了二者的生气机理,认为原油裂解比源岩热解生气活化能高30～40 kJ/mol,原油比源岩生气需要更高的热力学条件。模拟实验证实,成熟阶段源岩热解气与原油裂解气相比,以环烷烃和芳烃相对含量低为特征,与民丰地区产出的天然气组成更接近,据此认为该区天然气主要为源岩热解成因。     

不同带宽的防风固沙林流场结构及防风效能风洞实验

林带宽度是防风固沙林建植时要考虑的基本参数,研究不同带宽林带的防护效果对防风固沙林配置及构建具有重要的指导意义。通过风洞模拟实验,在7、10、15 m·s^-1风速条件下,对单行一带（Ⅰ型）、三行一带（Ⅱ型）、六行一带（Ⅲ型）和九行一带（Ⅳ型）共4种带宽的林带的迎风面、带中和背风面的风速进行了测定,分析了4种林带的风速流场、风速加速率和防风效果。结果表明：（1）4种林带流场结构和垂直风速变化规律相似,沿来风向均形成了林带上方和迎风面林缘附近的小范围高风速区及其后的风影区相互组合的流场结构;依据风速垂直变化规律划分为上部变化层（高度30~60 cm,受林带的影响最小）、中间变化层（高度5~20 cm,风速受林冠遮蔽作用,影响最大,且为风影区形成层）和近床面变化层（高度1~3 cm）。（2）4种林带在垂直纵剖面上的平均风速加速率随林带宽度的增大而减小,即Ⅰ型（0.90） > Ⅱ型（0.87） > Ⅲ型（0.79） > Ⅳ型（0.78）。（3）4种林带的防风效果为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型林带相同,Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型林带相同,后2种林带的防风效果优于前2种林带,且4种林带的防风效能均随着风速的增大而减小。