用微型干涉仪测地终端设备(MITES)测量基线的精度估计

<正> 1980年12月17日将轻便的MITES天线(见Bull.Geod.53,139—163,1979)设在Haystack天文台附近三座测量标志的顶部。这些天线获得了全球定位系统卫星(NAVSTAR/GPS)的射电干涉测量结果,经过分析后,便确定了这些测量标志之间的基线向量。     

美国西部的长期干旱变化

一些水文气候资料分析表明,美国西部正在经历着多年的严重干旱。然而,利用重建的覆盖美国西部大部分地区的过去1200年的网格化干旱资料进行分析,看出与更早时期出现的极端干旱和发生在公元800～1300年间(中世纪暖期(MWP))的大范围严重干旱相比,现在正经历的干旱还不算很严重。如果美国西部干旱程度的加强是一种对气候变暖的自然响应,那么任何将来温度增暖的趋势都将会加剧美国西部地区的长期干旱。     

一种机载冰粒子探测仪器

研制了一种在风暴中探测冰粒子的简单机载仪器.虽然目前已有的精密探测仪器能够获得大气冰粒子的图象,但是用这些资料确定的粒子浓度的空间分辨率,由于采样面积小而受到限制.本文讨论的冰粒子探测器可以实时指示云中及其附近冰晶的存在,并且提供了一种测量冰粒子浓度的近似方法,这种方法具有很好的空间分辨率.该仪器结构简单,价格便宜;曾用5个夏天的时间在新墨西哥州的雷暴中对其进行了试验.     

The Relative Impact of Regional Scale Land Cover Change and Increasing CO2 over China

A series of 17-yr equilibrium simulations using the NCAR CCM3 (T42 resolution) were performed to investigate the regional scale impacts of land cover change and increasing CO2 over China. Simulations with natural and current land cover at CO2 levels of 280,355, 430, and 505 ppmv were conducted. Results show statistically significant changes in major climate fields (e.g. temperature and surface wind speed) on a 15-yr average following land cover change. We also found increases in the maximum temperature and in the diurnal temperature range due to land cover change. Increases in CO2 affect both the maximum and minimum temperature so that changes in the diurnal range are small. Both land cover change and CO2 change also impact the frequency distribution of precipitation with increasing CO2 tending to lead to more intense precipitation and land cover change leading to less intense precipitation-indeed, the impact of land cover change typically had the opposite effect versus the impacts of CO2. Our results provide support for the inclusion of future land cover change scenarios in long-term transitory climate inodelling experiments of the 21st Century. Our results also support the inclusion of land surface models that can represent future land cover changes resulting from an ecological response to natural climate variability or increasing CO2. Overall, we show that land cover change can have a significant impact on the regional scale climate of China, and that regionally, this impact is of a similar magnitude to increases in CO2 of up to about 430 ppmv. This means that that the impact of land cover change must be accounted for in detection and attribution studies over China.     

数字天气雷达监测暴雨洪水研究

从加强水资源管理和减少洪水危害来看.应用数字天气雷达定量测定大范围区域降水量,并建立降雨量对水文参量的预报方程是有应用价值的方案.统计表明,在建立预报方程时应区分不同类型降水.经过仔细标定的数字化天气雷达,在探测区内少数地面雨量计的校准下,可以30%(层状云降水)和60%(混合型降水)的精度实时监测降雨风暴并做出外推形势预报.与洪水关系密切的过程降雨总量之测量误差对不同类型降水均在±40%之内.用双线偏振等特种天气雷达系统,并考虑截流地表特性和地面蒸发等因子,则可进一步提高测量预报精度.     

Impact of Aircraft NOx Emission on NOx and Ozone over China

A three-dimensional global chemistry transport model (OSLO CTM2) is used to investigate the impact of subsonic aircraft NOx emission on NOz and ozone over China in terms of a year 2000 scenario of subsonic aircraft NOx emission. The results show that subsonic aircraft NOx emission significantly affects northern China, which makes NOx at 250 hPa increase by about 50 pptv with the highest percentage of 60% in January, and leading to an ozone increase of 8 ppbv with 5% relative change in April. The NOx increase is mainly attributed to the transport process, but ozone increase is produced by the chemical process. The NOx increases by less than 10 pptv by virtue of subsonic aircraft NOx emission over China,and ozone changes less than 0.4 ppbv. When subsonic aircraft NOx emission over China is doubled, its influence is still relatively small.     

The Effect of Weak Shear－induced Motion on Brownian Coagulation of Aerosol Particles

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斯里兰卡南部西向沿岸流在西南季风期间的动力学研究

北半球夏季,北印度洋环流主要受到西南季风流控制,将热带印度洋水体从西向东进行跨海盆输运,然而在斯里兰卡南部沿岸存在一支与西南季风流方向相反的西向沿岸流,即南斯里兰卡沿岸流（SSLCC）.本文主要利用ECCO2资料进行南斯里兰卡沿岸流的动力学特征研究.结果表明,SSLCC的形成和孟加拉湾局地环流密切相关.当斯里兰卡穹顶区（SLD）环流偏强时,斯里兰卡南部形成局地气旋式涡旋,斯里兰卡东部沿岸流在SLD西部向南流动,随着气旋式涡旋北部转向西流形成强的SSLCC.相比之下,SLD较弱时,沿岸流仅存在斯里兰卡东部沿岸,斯里兰卡东部沿岸流无法向西转向,SSLCC和西南季风流一起向东流动,其可能的主要原因是局地风应力对SLD产生的强度影响.研究还表明,SLD强度对SSLCC流向和强度有着重要影响.     

分级统计图分级选择一般概念的研究

分级统计图分级的确定问题已有大量的文献讨论过。奇怪的是我们至今还没有提出一个分级选择的一般概念。七年前,I.S.EVANS曾写道:“分级间隔的选择,强烈地影响着由地图产生的视觉印象,但是现在还完全是制图中的一个混乱的分支。”看来,这个问题还需要一些深入细致的分析和适当的定向研究。在地图制图学手册中,可以区分出两种分级确