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111.
Compressional (VP) and shear (VS) wave velocities and the dependent elastic constants have been determined by the pulse transmission technique to 6 kb confining pressure at room temperature and to 700° C at 6 kb confining pressure for eleven basalts from the Faeroe Islands. The Faeroe basalts investigated are tholeiitic, they clearly lie within the tholeiitic area, and display a pronounced trend of iron enrichment from rocks with an M/M + F ratio of 0.5 to rocks with an M/M + F ratio of about 0.25. The mean VP and VS for eleven specimens are 5.57 km/sec and 3.18 km/sec, respectively. Velocity—density relations for the basalts might be more appropriately described by non-linear solutions than by linear relations commonly used for basalts. In general, VP and VS remain unaffected by temperature up to 300° C. At higher temperature the changes in wave velocities are influenced by metamorphic processes and are, therefore, somewhat erratic. In zeolite-bearing specimens an abrupt velocity decrease around 350°C is observed, which correlates well with a drastic compaction of bulk volume. Additional experiments on cold-pressed zeolite powder clearly indicate that the sharp velocity decrease in the basalts is related to dehydration of zeolite minerals. Partial-melting processes, which occur within vesicules and pore-spaces at distinctly higher temperatures have no additional effect on wave velocity. Comparison with field data reveals that, without exception, the velocities at 0.5 kb confining pressure display the same range that has been commonly noted in refraction data for Layer 2. There are no significant differences in wave velocities and the pressure—temperature dependence in samples recovered from the upper, middle, and lower basalt series in the Faeroe Islands. 相似文献
112.
Jorge A. Mendiguren Frank M. Richter 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1978,16(4):318-326
Intraplate stresses in middle South America are not negligible. We report thrust-faulting mechanisms for five intraplate earthquakes, which indicate a dominant horizontal deviatoric compressional stress oriented in a NW-SE direction. We conclude that this state of stress is due to forces connected with spreading on the Mid Atlantic Ridge and resistive forces exerted by the Caribbean plate to the north and the Nazca plate to the west. The existence and nature of the resistive forces is inferred from earthquake mechanisms and geological evidence presented in other studies. All the available intraplate stress data for Nazca and South America indicate that both plates are under deviatoric compression generated at spreading centers. The absence of tensional earthquake focal mechanisms, particularly in the Nazca plate near the trench, suggests that the forces associated with the gravitational sinking of subducted lithosphere are locally compensated. We present a simple numerical calculation of a non-subducting plate to show how the compressional deviatoric stresses in middle South America can be used to estimate an upper bound of about 1021 P for the viscosity of the mantle. 相似文献
113.
Zusammenfassung Die glasführenden Gesteine von Köfels, Tirol, wurden petrologisch untersucht. Sowohl Elektronenstrahl-Mikrosondenanalysen der Phasen als auch chemische Pauschalanalysen einiger Gesteine werden angegeben.Das Vorhandensein von Cr- und Si-führendem Nickeleisen, Lechatelierit, Kalifeldspatglas, Fe-reichen Gläsern, Olivin sowie die kräftigen Inhomogenitäten in der Glasphase sind nur durch eine Impakt-Entstehung dieser Gesteine erklärbar.
Mit 7 Abbildungen 相似文献
Impactites from Koefels, Tyrol, Austria
Summary The glass-bearing rocks from Koefels, Tyrol, have been investigated petrologically. Electron-microprobe Analyses of the phases and chemical bulk analyses of some rocks are presented.The presence of Cr- and Si-bearing nickel-iron, lechatelierite, potassium-feldspar-glass, olivine, as well as the pronounced inhomogenities of the glasses strongly suggest an impact origin of these rocks.
Mit 7 Abbildungen 相似文献
114.
A. Benmoussa J.-F. Hochedez W. K. Schmutz U. SchÜhle M. NeslÁdek Y. Stockman U. Kroth M. Richter A. Theissen Z. Remes K. Haenen V. Mortet S. Koller J. P. Halain R. Petersen M. Dominique M. D’Olieslaeger 《Experimental Astronomy》2003,16(3):141-148
Fabrication, packaging and experimental results on the calibration of metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetectors made on diamond are reported. LYRA (Lyman- RAdiometer onboard PROBA-2) will use diamond detectors for the first time in space for a solar physics instrument. A set of measurement campaigns was designed to obtain the XUV-to-VIS responsivity of the devices and other characterizations. The measurements of responsivity in EUV and VUV spectral ranges (40–240 nm) have been carried out by the Physkalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) in Germany at the electron storage ring BESSY II. The longer wavelength range from 210 to 1127 nm was measured with monochromatic light by using a Xe-lamp at IMO-IMOMEC. The diamond detectors exhibit a photoresponse which lie in the 35–65 mA/W range at 200 nm (corresponding to an external quantum efficiency of 20–40%) and indicate a visible rejection ratio (200–500 nm) higher than four orders of magnitude. 相似文献
115.
116.
Long-living wood products contribute to the mitigation of climate change in many ways. They act as a carbon pool during their service life, as they withdraw CO2 from its natural cycle. After their service life, they can stitute for fossil fuels if they are incinerated in adequate furnaces. Furthermore, wood products can stitute for more energy-intense products made of ‘conventional’ materials. This paper quantifies the stitution and pool effects of an increased use of wood in the building sector in Switzerland for the years 2000–2130. Life cycle data on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of 12 wood products and their stitutes are used as proxies for relevant building products; this data is linked to the forecasted wood flows for each group of building products in a cohort-model. For the political assessment, GHG effects occurring abroad and in Switzerland are distinguished. The results show that the pool effect of an increased use of long-living wood products is of minor importance, whereas the energetic and material stitution effects are much more relevant, especially on a long-term. For construction products, the Swiss share of the GHG effect related to the material stitution is relatively high, as mainly nationally produced materials are stituted for. For interior products, the Swiss share of the GHG effect related to the material stitution is rather small because mainly imports are stituted for. The results must be considered as rough estimates. Nonetheless, these calculations show that an increased use of wood in the building sector is a valid and valuable option for the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and for reaching GHG emission targets in a mid- to long-term. Still, the pool and stitution capacity of an increased use of wood is relatively small compared to the overall GHG emissions of Switzerland. 相似文献
117.
C. von Zanthier H. Bräuninger K. Dennerl R. Hartmann G. Hartner H. Hippmann A. Kaltenberger E. Kastelic W. Kink N. Krause N. Meidinger G. Metzner E. Pfeffermann M. Popp C. Reppin J. Riedl D. Stötter L. Strüder J. Trümper W. Weber D. Carathanassis S. Engelhard Th. Gebhart D. Hauff G. Lutz R. H. Richter H. Seitz P. Solc E. Biehler H. Böttcher E. Kendziorra J. Krämer B. Pflüger R. Staubert P. Holl J. Kemmer P. Lechner B. Maier H. Soltau R. Stötter E. Bihler 《Experimental Astronomy》1998,8(1):89-96
This paper describes the performance of the Fully Depleted pn-junction CCD (pn-CCD) system, developed for ESA's XMM-satellite mission for soft x-ray imaging and spectroscopy in the single photon counting mode in the 100 eV to 10 keV photon range. The 58 mm x 60 mm large pn-CCD array, designed and fabricated at the Semiconductor Lab (Halbleiterlabor) of the Max-Planck-Institut, uses pn-junctions for registers and as backside structure. This concept naturally enables full depletion of the detector volume independent of the silicon wafer's resistivity and thickness, and as such make it an efficient detector for the x-ray region and the infrared. For high detection efficiency in the soft x-ray region and UV, an ultrathin pn-CCD backside deadlayer has been realized. Each pn-CCD-channel is equipped with its own on-chip JFET amplifier which, in combination with the CAMEX-amplifier and multiplexing chip, facilitates parallel readout and fast data rate: the cooled pn-CCD system can be read out at a data rate up to 3 MHz with an electronic noise floor of ENC < 5 e-. 相似文献
118.
119.
Summary Quantitative sunglitter radiance modulations at the ocean surface due to internal waves were calculated applying a simple
first order theory. The results have been compared with the image data of internal wave signatures northeast of Nantucket
Shoals off the coast of Massachusetts, U.S.A., taken by the Earth Terrain Camera (ETC) during the Skylab mission. The maximum
magnitudes of sunglitter radiance modulations predicted by the theory are comparable to the satellite image data. The extreme
values of calculated modulations depend only weakly on the wavelength of the internal wave signature. This is consistent with
the analysed ETC data. On the other hand, the shapes of simulated and measured image intensity transects across an internal
wave packet are different. This may possibly be explained by the assumed idealized sinusoidal type of thermocline used in
the calculations. The theory predicts that sunglint signatures of internal waves are advected relative to positions of extreme
slope regions of the thermocline due to currents.
Strahldichtemodulation des Sonnenglitzerns durch interne Wellen
Zusammenfassung Quantitative Strahldichtemodulationen des Sonnenglitzerns an der Meeresoberfl?che durch interne Wellen werden unter Verwendung einer einfachen ersten Ordnungstheorie berechnet. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Bilddaten von internen Wellensignaturen nord?stlich von Nantucket Shoals vor der Küste von Massachusetts, U.S.A., verglichen, die w?hrend der Skylab-Mission von der Erdbeobachtungskamera (ETC) aufgenommen wurden. Die Werte der maximalen Strahldichtemodulation des Sonnenglitzerns, die von der Theorie vorhergesagt werden, sind mit den Satellitenbilddaten vergleichbar. Die Extremwerte der berechneten Modulationen h?ngen nur schwach von der Wellenl?nge der internen Wellensignaturen ab. Dieses stimmt mit den analysierten ETC Daten überein. Auf der anderen Seite sind die Kurvenverl?ufe zwischen den simulierten und gemessenen Bildintensit?tsprofilen entlang eines internen Wellenpaketes unterschiedlich. Dieses kann m?glicherweise durch den angenommenen idealisierten sinusf?rmigen Typ der Thermokline erkl?rt werden, der für die Berechnungen verwendet wurde. Die Theorie macht die Vorhersage, da? Signaturen des Sonnenglitzerns von internen Wellen durch Str?mungen advektiert werden relativ zu den Positionen der extremen Neigungsregionen der Thermokline.相似文献
120.