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91.
A simple two-domain bucket model of fractured soil was coupled with a stochastic model of rainfall variability, in order to investigate the climate and soil controls upon the stochastic properties of the triggering of fracture flow and surface runoff, and the partitioning of rainfall between the matrix and fracture domains and surface runoff. Conventionally, soils are regarded as time domain filters between rainfall and hydrological response. This investigation highlights an additional type of threshold filtering especially important in understanding the infiltration behaviour of fractured soils, for which an event-based characterisation of rainfall in modelling is crucial. A priori-definable indices were derived which are capable of describing elements of this threshold filtering, by allowing the statistical properties of fracture flow- and surface runoff-triggering storms (i.e., mean and variance of storm duration, intensity and effective inter-storm period, as well as cumulative partitioning of rainfall), to be inferred directly from average storm and soil properties. Using these indices, the long-term response of fractured soils, including the long-term hydrological importance of fractures, can be estimated without simulation. 相似文献
92.
93.
Iain Docherty 《Area》2001,33(3):321-328
This paper presents an analysis of Transport 2010, the government's ten-year plan for transport. It develops discussions held by members of the RGS-IBG's Transport Geography Research Group (TGRG) in September 2000. It is argued that the plan marks something of a return to previous policies designed to accommodate increasing mobility. 相似文献
94.
Douglas D. Walker Björn Gylling Anders Ström Jan-Olof Selroos 《Hydrogeology Journal》2001,9(5):419-431
Safety Report 1997 (SR 97) of the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company is a comprehensive performance assessment
of three hypothetical radioactive waste repositories in Sweden. It includes hydrogeologic studies (data compilation, parameter
synthesis, and groundwater flow modeling) to determine groundwater flow and the associated uncertainties for the three sites.
This report reviews and compares the hydrogeologic characterization programs, the site characteristics, and the groundwater
flow models used in the SR 97 performance assessment. Although differences in site-characterization programs tend to mask
differences in site characteristics, the sites do have notable differences that affect the results of the performance assessment.
The effects of model uncertainties evaluated by the variant cases appear to be smaller than the variability of results for
the base case (best estimate of site conditions) of each site.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
95.
R. C. Ferrier R. G. McMahon T. A. B. Walker R. Harriman A. C. Edwards D. King 《Journal of Hydrology》1992,140(1-4):361-370
An acidification experiment was conducted on a small stream in the Loch Ard area of central Scotland. The stream was chosen because of its large, flow related, variation in pH (5.9-4.0). Two acid additions were made to approximately pH 3.5–3.7. The results indicated a strong correlation between labile aluminium and hydrogen, and a noticeable hysteresis in the response of calcium and hydrogen. It is hypothesised that divalent cation response is a result of ion-exchange mechanisms involving the streambed vegetation, with aluminium release resulting primarily from exchange reactions with streambed sediment stores. Data from a program of stream spot sampling have been analysed in an attempt to elucidate the contribution of different sources of aluminium under different flow conditions. Streambed sources of aluminium contribute significantly under low flow conditions; however, at high flow, additional sources of aluminium must contribute to match observed streamwater chemistry. 相似文献
96.
R. Pienitz I. R. Walker B. A. Zeeb J. P. Smol P. R. Leavitt 《International Journal of Salt Lake Research》1992,1(2):91-123
A short sediment core was taken from a small saline lake located on an intermontane plateau in the central Yukon Territory,
Canada. In July 1990, chemical analyses indicated that, although the lake was shallow (Zmax=1.1 m), it was also chemically stratified, with hyposaline (9.9 to 10.0 g L−1) surface waters and slightly mesosaline (22.0 g L−1) deeper waters. The surface water was dominated by Na+ and HCO
3
−
. To our knowledge, this is the northernmost athalassic saline lake yet recorded.
Quantification of algal (diatom, chrysophyte, and pigment) and invertebrate (chironomid, ceratopogonid, andChaoborus) fossils at four stratigraphic levels indicated that the lake sediments preserved numerous biological indicators that could
be used to infer recent lake development. Many of the taxa are found in other athalassic salt lakes. The most striking stratigraphic
change was a remarkable drop in the species richness of diatoms and invertebrates in the recent sediments, which parallels
the elimination of species characteristic of less saline conditions. Halophilous taxa dominate the most recent sediments,
indicating the development of more saline conditions. At the same time, a significant shift in chrysophyte cyst composition
was observed. Fossil carotenoids and chlorophylls indicated a decrease in total algal abundance in recent sediments, as green
and blue-green algae replaced diatoms and chrysophytes. Together, these paleolimnological data suggest a recent shift to drier
conditions or increased evaporation in the central Yukon Territory. 相似文献
97.
J. A. Walker M. J. Carr L. C. Patino C. M. Johnson M. D. Feigenson R. L. Ward 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1995,120(3-4):378-390
Lavas erupted behind the volcanic front in southeastern Guatemala have many important distinctions from lavas erupted on the volcanic front. These include: generally higher MgO, Nb, Sr, TiO2, and rare earth element concentrations; higher La/Yb and Nb/Y ratios; and lower Ba/La, La/Nb, Ba/Zr and Zr/Nb ratios. These major and trace element distinctions are caused by reduced fractionation during ascent and storage in the crust, lower degrees of melting in the source, and greatly reduced contributions from the subducted Cocos plate in the source. In addition, because all of these important distinctions are even borne in lavas erupted within 20 km of the front, there is little apparent petrogenetic continuity between front and behind-the-front magmas. What little geochemical continuity exists is in radiogenic isotopes: 143Nd/144Nd falls across the arc, Pb isotopic ratios (except 206Pb/204Pb) rise across the arc, and 87Sr/86Sr rise across the arc after an initial discontinuity within 20 km of the front. These continuous across-arc changes in radiogenic isotopes are caused by increased contamination with older, more isotopically disparate rocks, away from the front. Once the effects of crustal contamination are removed, the remaining isotopic variability behind the front is non-systematic and reflects the inherent isotopic heterogeneity of the source, the mantle wedge. Geochemical disconnection in southeastern Guatemala suggests that behind-the-front magmas are produced by decompression melting near the top of the wedge, not by flux-dominated melting near the base of the wedge. 相似文献
98.
Sunil Bharati Richard L. Patience Steve R. Larter Guy Standen Iain J. F. Poplett 《Organic Geochemistry》1995,23(11-12)
The significance and validity of integrating data obtained from a variety of analytical techniques to understand, elucidate and model kerogen's complex chemical structure is reported here using degradative (open and closed system pyrolysis, chemical oxidation), non-degradative (13C CP/MAS NMR) and optical (incident white light and blue light) methods. Seven Cambrian Alum Shale samples, ranging in maturity from immature to post-mature with respect to petroleum generation, were studied and were chosen for their simple geological history, uniform organic matter type and high organic carbon content. The Alum Shale kerogens, which primarily consist of algal organic matter, liberate low molecular weight gaseous and aromatic compounds on pyrolysis and give mostly branched dicarboxylic acids on chemical oxidation. 13C NMR spectroscopy shows that the Alum Shale kerogens are anomalously rich in oxygen-bearing functional groups (such as C = O, ArCO, CHO, CHxO), most of which apparently remain intact within the kerogen macro-molecule (KMM) through the diagenetic and catagenetic stages. Fragments released by different degradative techniques are quantified and the aromaticity (fa), O/C and relative proportions of various carbon types estimated by 13C NMR. A synthesis of these data has allowed us to better understand the chemistry of the Alum Shale kerogen. 相似文献
99.
G. P. L. Walker 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1971,35(3):579-590
Compound lava flows, defined as those lavas which are divisible into flowunits, commonly have a shield-like form and are thought to develop when the rate of extrusion of lava is relatively low.Simple lava flows, defined as those lavas which are not divisible into flow-units, are thought to form when the rate of extrusion of lava is relatively high. A logical definition oflava flow must embrace both simple lava sheets and substantial lava shields (compound lava flows) up to 600 m high. Flood basalt piles include both compound and simple flows, but the most extensive and far-reaching flows are simple and they are believed to form when the rate of extrusion of lava is particularly high. 相似文献
100.
WORLD DELTAS AND THEIR EVOLUTION 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
H. Jesse Walker 《地理学报》1999,(1):30-41
In August 1998, an international symposium on the world deltas was held in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. This symposium attracted discussion about more than 25 deltas from around the world with emphasis placed on those that are most densely populated and impacted by humans. Keynote papers printed details about the physical, biological, engineering and socioeconomic aspects of six deltas including the Mississippi, Nile, Ganges-Brahmaputra, Rhine-Meuse, Changjiang and Po. The main purpose of this symposium was to inform scientists, engineers and decision-makers about information that is currently available and to provide them a basis for working in such environments. 相似文献