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171.
172.
The radio emission of a selected number of solar active regions has been investigated with high angular resolution at two frequencies: 10 and 17 GHz. By comparing the results of the two observations the following conclusions can be drawn:
- The brightness temperature distribution of an active region is often composed of very bright cores of small dimension (angular extent θ?20″) imbedded in extended halos of lower brightness.
- The radio emission of such structures as well as the degree of polarization can be explained with a thermal process. The halos can originate by pure thermal bremsstrahlung while in the case of the very bright cores found at 10 GHz (brightness temperature T b?1–9 × 106K) the emission at the harmonics of the gyrofrequency is needed.
173.
A model is presented which describes the 3-dimensional non-radial solar wind expansion between the Sun and the Earth in a specified magnetic field configuration subject to synoptically observed plasma properties at the coronal base. In this paper, the field is taken to be potential in the inner corona based upon the Mt. Wilson magnetograph observations and radial beyond a certain chosen surface. For plasma boundary conditions at the Sun, we use deconvoluted density profiles obtained from synopticK-coronameter brightness observations. The temperature is taken to be 2 × 106 K at the base of closed field lines and 1.6 x 106K at the base of open field lines. For a sample calculation, we employ data taken during the period of the 12 November 1966 eclipse. Although qualitative agreement with observations at 1 AU is obtained, important discrepancies emerge which are not apparent from spherically symmetric models or those models which do not incorporate actual observations in the lower corona. These discrepancies appear to be due to two primary difficulties - the rapid geometric divergence of the open field lines in the inner corona as well as the breakdown in the validity of the Spitzer heat conduction formula even closer to the Sun than predicted by radial flow models. These two effects combine to produce conductively dominated solutions and lower velocities, densities, and field strengths at the Earth than those observed. The traditional difficulty in solar wind theory in that unrealistically small densities must be assumed at the coronal base in order to obtain observed densities at 1 AU is more than compensated for here by the rapid divergence of field lines in the inner corona. For these base conditions, the value ofβ(ratio of gas pressure to magnetic pressure) is shown to be significantly greater than one over most of the lower corona - suggesting that, for the coronal boundary conditions used here, the use of a potential or force-free magnetic field configuration may not be justified. The calculations of this paper point to the directions where future research on solar-interplanetary modelling should receive priority:
- better models for the coronal magnetic field structure
- improved understanding of the thermal conductivity relevant for the solar wind plasma.
174.
We have analysed the variations of inclination in 13 satellite orbits as they pass slowly, under the action of air drag, through 15th-order resonance with the geopotential, when successive equatorial crossings are 24° apart and the ground track repeats after 15 rev. The size and form of the change in inclination are determined mainly by the values of the geopotential harmonics of 15th order and odd degree, and (with l = 15, 17, 19, …) in the usual notation. Our analysis gives values of these coefficients up to l = 33 as follows:
l | 109C?l,15 | 109S?l,15 |
15 | ?23.5 ± 0.8 | ?7.7 ± 0.8 |
17 | 6.3 ± 1.5 | 5.6 ± 1.5 |
19 | ?25.1 ± 2.5 | ?7.3 ± 2.3 |
21 | 27.8 ± 3.6 | ?0.7 ± 3.4 |
23 | 17.1 ± 4.1 | 13.9 ± 4.8 |
25 | ?1.1 ± 3.0 | 8.5 ± 4.2 |
27 | 10.0 ± 3.3 | 6.7 ± 2.7 |
29 | ?9.4 ± 3.5 | 0.1 ± 4.7 |
31 | 10.1 ± 5.4 | 3.8 ± 5.6 |
33 | 1.1 ± 5.7 | 3.1 ± 5.8 |