Melt Enrichment of Shallow Depleted Mantle: a Detailed Petrological, Trace Element and Isotopic Study of Mantle-Derived Xenoliths and Megacrysts from the Cameroon Line

Major element, trace element and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopiccompositions of ultramafic xenoliths and megacrysts from thecontinental Cameroon line provide evidence for metasomatismof the upper most lithospheric mantle by enriched melts duringthe Mesozoic The megacrysts probably crystallized within thelower continental crust from melts similar to the host magmas.All the xenoliths originated as depleted residues after theextraction of basaltic melts, but some indicate evidence ofinteraction with enriched partial melts before entrainment.The U–Pb isotopic data on garnet are consistent with coolingthrough >900C at >300 Ma. The Sm–Nd isotope systematicsin constituent phases appear to have been in equilibrium ona xenolith scale at the time of entrainment, indicating derivationfrom mantle that remained at temperatures >600C until eruption.Spinel therzolies that show simple light rare earth element(LREE) depletions are characterized by isotopic compositionsthat are comparable with, but slightly more depleted than AtlanticN-MORB, suggesting that the unmetasomatized sub-continentallithosphere of the Cameroon line may be isotopically similarto that of sub-oceanic lithosphere. The Nd-depleted mantle modelages of these xenoliths are consistent with late Proterozoicdepletion, similar in age to much of the overlying continentalcrust. In contrast, samples that have LREE-enriched clinopyr-oxenes(La/Yb =4.7–9.4) contain trace amounts of amphibole, areenriched in U and have more radiogenic Pb and Sr. These xenolithsyield U–Pb and Sm–Nd model ages consistent withMesozoic enrichment, in agreement with the age of enrichmentof the source regions of the basalts, as deduced from Pb isotopiccompositions. Clinopyroxenes record three orders of magnitudeenrichment in U and LREE accompanied by progressive K depletionassociated with the growth of trace amphibole, with K/U ratiosthat range from 12000 to 1. The ratios of the trace elementsthought to have similar bulk D in mantle melting, Ce/Pb, Ba/Rband Nd/Sr ratios, display regional variations related to thetime integrated history of enrichments indicated by Nd isotopiccompositions. Mass balance calculations suggest that the meltsresponsible for the most recent enrichment of the lithospherehad higher La/Yb and U/Pb than Cameroon line host magmas, andwere probably the product of small degrees of partial meltingassociated with the earliest stages of the breakup of Pangea. KEY WORDS: Cameroon line; mantle xenoliths; megacrysts; REE; isotopic composition; trace element     

TRANSIENT ELECTROMAGNETIC RESPONSE OF A SPHERE IN A LAYERED MEDIUM*

The Galerkin method of solving integral equations is well suited to the solution of the integral equations describing the transient response of a sphere embedded in a layered medium, which is excited by a large co-axial loop. The transient response is calculated by transforming the steady state solutions obtained in the frequency domain. The analysis shows that the scattering matrix is extremely diagonally dominant and the maximum number of modes required to obtain convergence does not rapidly increase with frequency. The number of modes required is about eight. This type of scattering matrix can be taken to be an expression of the principle of elementary superposition. This principle is reflected in the decay curves. These show that the early part of the decay curves asymptotically approach the decay curves to be expected for a layered structure without the sphere. The slope of the latter stages of the decay curve gives a decay constant that is the same as was obtained for spheres in free space excited by planar or dipolar sources. The point of departure in time of these curves from the layered ground curves is delayed either by placing the sphere at a greater depth or by placing a more conductive overburden above the sphere.     

RANK-ORDER ANALYSIS FOR ROBUST MULTIRESPONSE,MULTIBLOCK COMPARISONS:EVALUATION OF HERBICIDE INTERACTIONS

Studies of interactions among bioactive compounds are often difficult to interpret unambiguously.A priori assumptions about the nature of such interactions can seriously distort analysis of the data.Byapplying a rank order analysis appropriate to the naturally ordinal scale of response to xenobiotic insult,several co-herbicides were successfully identified from among numerous candidates in an experimentinvolving multiple blocks,rates and species.Moreover,underlying herbicide interactions weresubstantiated and identified which were not apparent by more traditional parametric analysis.     

Bottom-current deposits in the Miocene–Pliocene Misaki Formation, Izu forearc area, Japan

Sedimentary structures in the middle–late Miocene to early Pliocene Misaki Formation, Miura Group, Miura Peninsula, Central Japan, were studied, and paleocurrent data were interpreted as the result of deep-sea bottom-current flow. These current data were further compared with present-day bottom currents in the northwestern Pacific region. The Misaki Formation is thought to be a forearc deposit within the Izu oceanic arc, and is composed of thick volcaniclastic beds interbedded with siliceous biogenic clayey sediments. Sedimentary structures showing paleocurrent directions are involved in the upper part of the volcaniclastic beds, in the pumiceous beds just above the volcaniclastic beds, and in the pelagic sediments. Based on paleomagnetic data suggesting considerable rotation of the beds, all the current directions were reconstructed to their original orientation. The paleocurrents are summarized into the following three groups. The first group in the volcaniclastic beds indicates southeast-directed paleocurrent directions. The second group in the upper parts of volcaniclastic beds and in some pumiceous beds exhibits a southwest- and northeast-directed paleoflow. The third group usually observed in the pumiceous beds with parallel lamination displays a northwest- or southeast-directed paleocurrent. The origin of each group's paleoflow direction is attributed to turbidity current, internal tidal current, and contour current influences, respectively. Present-day observations of the deep-sea northwest Pacific suggest that most of the bottom-current indicators in the Misaki Formation are related to North Pacific Deep Water, possibly Antarctic Bottom Water as well as a combination of tidal and local effects. It is concluded that the beds of the Misaki Formation were deposited in the proto-Sagami basin ca 9 Ma and were formed under weak bottom currents in a wide and flat basin during colder climatic conditions, whereas the beds dated at ca 6 Ma were deposited under strong bottom-current flow, and were then accreted to the Honshu arc.     

On the Type Species of Chusenella

正 DIAGNOSIS: Test fusiform, slightly rounded at the ends; about 11.2 mm. long, 3.7 mm. wide, giving an axial ratio of about 1:3; whorl 9 to 10, the first three or four volutions closely coiled thence gradually evolute; spiral wall increases in thickness as the test grows, being 0.016 mm. in the firs     

巴山夜雨

君问归期未有期,巴山夜雨涨秋池。何常共剪西牕烛,却话巴山夜雨时?——唐李商隐夜雨寄北——……蜀江水碧蜀山青,聖主朝朝暮暮情;行宫见月伤心色,夜雨闻铃肠断声!……——唐白居易长恨歌——……暮雨向三峡,春江绕双流,今来一登望,如上九天游。——唐李白登锦城散花楼诗——万壑树参天,千山响杜鹃;山中一夜雨,树杪百重泉。……——唐王维送梓州李使君诗——     

Some New Fossil Localities in the Eastern Tsinling

Ⅰ.INTRODUCTION The Tsinling range is situated in the central part of China and trendsin an east-west direction.Up to the present time,its extensions andboundaries have not yet been definitely defined and the term"EasternTsinling"used in the present paper is adopted from the previous work on     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE UPPER YANGTZE VALLEY

GENERAL FEATURES. The Upper Yangtze valley includes the valleys of the main river and its chief tributaries. Chinshactiang (金沙江) and Yalungchiang (雅龍江) flow in north-south courses through Hsikang, Eastern Tibet, and turn to NEE     

Three-Dimensional Computations of Multiple Tandem Jets in Crossflow

1 .IntroductionAn effective method of wastewater disposal in estuarine and coastal watersisto discharge partiallytreated effluentthrougha submerged multiport diffuserlocated atthe end of a sea outfall .Atypical dif-fuser designinvolves multiple jets all discharginginthe same direction awayfromthe shoreline ,per-pendicular to an alongshore ambient current to minimize the environmental impact .This is one type ofa multiple jet groupin crossflow(MJGC) . Whenthe jets are arrangedintandem,withthe…