Development of efficiently coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical model to predict hydraulic fracture morphology in heavy oil reservoirs

The aim of the study involves examining the effect of heavy oil viscosity on fracture geometry in detail by establishing a heavy oil fracturing model and conventional fracturing model based on thermal–hydraulic–mechanical (THM) coupled theory, Walther viscosity model, and K–D–R temperature model. We consider viscosity and density within the heavy oil fracturing model as functions of pressure and temperature while that as constants within the conventional fracturing model. A heavy oil production well is set as an example to analyze the differences between the two models to account for the thermo-poro-elastic effect. The results show that temperature exhibits the most significant influence on the heavy oil viscosity while the influence of pressure is the least. In addition, a cooling area with a width of 0–1 m and varied length is generated near the fracture. The heavy oil viscosity increases sharply in this area, thereby indicating an area of viscosity increment. The heavy oil viscosity increases faster and is closer to wellbore, and a high viscosity increment reduces the mobility of the heavy oil and prevents the fracturing fluid from entering into the reservoir. The special viscosity distribution results in significant differences in pore pressure, oil saturation, and changing trends between these two models. In the heavy oil reservoir fracturing model, the thermal effect completely exceeds the influence of pore elasticity, and the values of the fracture length, width, and static pressure exceed those calculated in the conventional fracturing model. Thus, a comparison of the measured values indicates that the results obtained by considering viscosity as a function of temperature and pressure are more accurate. Therefore, the results of this study are expected to provide good guidelines for the design of heavy oil fracturing.     

Position-domain integrity risk-based ambiguity validation for the integer bootstrap estimator

Integrity monitoring for ambiguity resolution is of significance for utilizing the high-precision carrier phase differential positioning for safety–critical navigational applications. The integer bootstrap estimator can provide an analytical probability density function, which enables the precise evaluation of the integrity risk for ambiguity validation. In order to monitor the effect of unknown ambiguity bias on the integer bootstrap estimator, the position-domain integrity risk of the integer bootstrapped baseline is evaluated under the complete failure modes by using the worst-case protection principle. Furthermore, a partial ambiguity resolution method is developed in order to satisfy the predefined integrity risk requirement. Static and kinematic experiments are carried out to test the proposed method by comparing with the traditional ratio test method and the protection level-based method. The static experimental result has shown that the proposed method can achieve a significant global availability improvement by 51% at most. The kinematic result reveals that the proposed method obtains the best balance between the positioning accuracy and the continuity performance.     

辽宁省教育与产业结构的时空灰色关联分析

针对辽宁省的教育与产业之间的关联程度,本文借助灰色关联模型,探究了辽宁省的教育与产业结构之间的关联度。结果表明:辽宁省城市综合实力越强,产业系统与教育系统之间的关联程度就越大;辽宁省正在逐步趋于合理地调整和优化产业结构的布局,逐渐注重第三产业的发展,并以此为动力来推动第一和第二产业的发展前进;教育结构是否合理会对产业结构产生直接或间接的影响,调整和优化产业结构需要长时间来寻找一条最优路径,需要逐步引导教育结构与之相适应。     

Destressing Mechanics Effect of Surrounding Rock Induced by Blasting Precondition at Deep Drift Development

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - Using a detailed modeling simulation technology, a mechanics simulation model was constructed, including multiple development rounds, stress relief holes...     

Optical properties of the red tide in Isahaya Bay,southwestern Japan: Influence of chlorophyll a concentration

Remote sensing reflectance [R _rs(λ)] and absorption coefficients of red tides were measured in Isahaya Bay, southwestern Japan, to investigate differences in the optical properties of red tide and non-red tide waters. We defined colored areas of the sea surface, visualized from shipboard, as “red tides”. Peaks of the R _rs(λ) spectra of non-red tide waters were at 565 nm, while those of red tides shifted to longer wavelengths (589 nm). The spectral shape of R _rs(λ) was close to that of the reciprocal of the total absorption coefficient [1/a(λ)], implying that the R _rs(λ) peak is determined by absorption. Absorption coefficients of phytoplankton [a _ph(λ)], non-pigment particles and colored dissolved organic matter increased with increasing chlorophyll a concentration (Chl a), and those coefficients were correlated with Chl a for both red tide and non-red tide waters. Using these relationships between absorption coefficients and Chl a, variation in the spectrum of 1/a(λ) as a function of Chl a was calculated. The peak of 1/a(λ) shifted to longer wavelengths with increasing Chl a. Furthermore, the relative contribution of a _ph(λ) to the total absorption in red tide water was significantly higher than in non-red tide water in the wavelength range 550–600 nm, including the peak. Our results show that the variation of a _ph(λ) with Chl a dominates the behavior of the R _rs(λ) peak, and utilization of R _rs(λ) peaks at 589 and 565 nm may be useful to discriminate between red tide and non-red tide waters by remote sensing.     

长江中下游夏季降水与西北太平洋海温的耦合模态分析

利用NOAA_ERSST海温资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国160站降水资料,借用多种统计方法研究了夏季长江中下游地区降水与西北太平洋的耦合关系.奇异值分解(SVD)和相关分析显示出长江中下游夏季降水与西北太平洋夏季海表温度(以下简称"海温")密切相关,而与其他海区没有明显的关系,并且这种关系主要反映年代际变化;夏季多变量经验正交函数展开(MV-EOF)分析结果证明夏季长江中下游降水、东亚-太平洋地区上空850hPa风场、西北太平洋海温之间存在显著的耦合模态,这种耦合模态反映出长江中下游夏季降水异常偏多时,东亚-太平洋上空自南向北有异常的反气旋、气旋、反气旋波列(即东亚-太平洋型遥相关或P-J波列),东亚夏季风偏弱、北界位置偏南.依赖季节的多变量经验正交函数展开(SRMV-EOF)分析结果表明,长江中下游夏季降水与西北太平洋的耦合模态与前期ENSO密切相关:前一年秋季,赤道东太平洋开始出现ENSO信号,冬季发展成熟,同时在菲律宾以东的西北太平洋上空有一个反气旋形成;春季,ENSO开始减弱,西北太平洋出现暖海温异常,反气旋发展;夏季,ENSO信号消失,西北太平洋异常暖海温范围扩大,反气旋发展很强,同时在东亚-太平洋上空出现P-J波列,华南上空的西南风与来自北方的偏北风在长江中下游地区辐合,造成长江中下游夏季降水偏多.     

ChinaFLUX CO2通量数据处理系统与应用

CO₂通量观测数据的规范处理及其高质量数据产品的发布,是CO₂通量及其相关领域研究的前提和基础。为解决目前通量观测数据处理工作中存在的过程繁琐、方法不统一、处理不及时等问题,本研究以MATLAB为开发工具,利用其强大的数学计算功能和可视化GUI技术,集成目前主要的通量数据处理方法,开发了一套具有自主知识产权的中国通量网(ChinaFLUX)通量观测数据处理系统。该系统的处理对象为30min的CO₂通量观测数据,其主要处理步骤包括湍流通量计算、观测数据的质量控制/质量保证、缺失观测数据的插补,以及不同时间尺度下碳交换量的分解和计算等。该系统自动化程度高、可视化程度强,为ChinaFLUX通量观测数据处理及服务提供了一个良好的平台。     

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大连地区更新世的哺乳动物

大连地区碳酸盐岩分布广泛 ,裂隙溶洞发育 ,洞穴堆积物中蕴含了丰富的更新世哺乳动物化石和古文化遗物 ,在境内陆地和附近海域陆续发现了 30余处化石点。在众多的化石点中尤以古龙山遗址和大连动物群最引人注目 ,前者在同一地点内采集到 377种上万件的脊椎动物骨骼化石 ,并伴有石器、骨器、灰烬等远古人类活动的遗物 ;后者包括了 2 8种早更新世的小型哺乳动物 ,这是大连乃至东北地区的首次报导。这些事实说明了东北地区不只是仅有晚更新世的动物群 ,至少还有早更新世的大连动物群 ,即使在晚更新世 ,也不只是单一的披毛犀 -猛犸象动物群 ,还存在着具有从华北向东北过渡性质的古龙山动物群。今后工作中应注意寻找古人类及中更新世的哺乳动物化石 ,加强对全新世动物遗骨的研究。     

Test area of the SAGE survey

Sky surveys represent one of the most important efforts to improve developments in astrophysics,especially when using new photometric bands. We are performing the Stellar Abundance and Galactic Evolution(SAGE) survey with a self-designed SAGE photometric system, which is composed of eight photometric bands. The project mainly aims to study the stellar atmospheric parameters of ～0.5 billion stars in ～12 000 deg2 of the northern sky, which mainly focuses on Galactic astronomy, as well as some aspects of extragalactic astronomy. This work introduces the detailed data reduction process of the test field NGC 6791, including the data reduction of single-exposure images and stacked multi-exposure images, and properties of the final catalog.