中国南极球粒陨石的高精度钾同位素研究

钾和其他中等挥发性元素亏损是类地行星普遍的全岩化学成分特征之一,能用来示踪不同的亏损过程。球粒陨石是组成行星的前体物质,研究球粒陨石中钾同位素的亏损和分异机制,对于太阳系物质或行星的起源、形成和演化具有十分重要的意义。本文利用近年来发展的高精度钾同位素分析技术,测试了14个中国南极陨石以及6个目击型陨石(Murchison、Allende、Ningqiang、Tagish Lake、Xinyang和Banma)的全岩钾同位素组成。结果显示,21个碳质球粒陨石全岩δ⁴¹K值分布范围为-0.62‰±0.05‰至0.37‰±0.08‰,平均值为-0.32‰±0.24‰(2SD),比全岩硅酸盐地球(BSE)稍重。18个普通球粒陨石全岩数据(如果异常值GRV 021603除外)的δ⁴¹K值分布范围为-1.02‰±0.05‰到-0.61‰±0.02‰,平均δ⁴¹K值为-0.81‰±0.15‰(2SD),比全岩硅酸盐地球稍轻。2个目击型陨石Murchison(CM2型)和Allende(CV3型),呈现较大的内部钾同位素差异(分别为0...     

南极格罗夫山普通球粒陨石的矿物岩石学特征

本文研究了第19次中国南极科学考察队收集的97块普通球粒陨石样品的矿物岩石学特征,在此基础上划分了陨石的岩石学类型、化学群、冲击变质和风化类型。共发现5块非平衡型普通球粒陨石:GRV 020011(L3),GRV 020035(H3),GRV 020054(H3),GRV 020137(L3)和GRV020169(L3)。化学群分类的结果是H群陨石24块,L群70块,LL群3块。多数样品的冲击变质程度较低,但也有少量样品具有S5型的冲击变质特征。样品的风化程度普遍较低,仅GRV020055(H5),GRV022123(L5)和GRV022462(LL6)3块陨石达到了W3型。     

Simulating typhoon waves by SWAN wave model in coastal waters of Taiwan

The SWAN wave model is typically designed for wave simulations in the near-shore region and thus is selected for evaluating its applicability on typhoon waves in the coastal waters around Taiwan Island. Numerical calculations on processes of wave heights and periods during the passages of four representative typhoons are compared with measured data from field wave stations on both east and west coasts. The results have shown that waves due to typhoons of paths 2, 3 and 4 can be reasonably simulated on east coastal waters. However, discrepancies increase for the simulated results on west coastal waters because the island's central mountains partly damage the cyclonic structures of the passing-over typhoons. It is also found that the included nested grid scheme in SWAN could improve the accuracy of simulations in coastal waters to facilitate further engineering practices.     

On the evolution and run-up of breaking solitary waves on a mild sloping beach

This paper presents new laboratory experiments carried out in a supertank (300 m × 5 m × 5.2 m) of breaking solitary waves evolution on a 1:60 plane beach. The measured data are employed to re-examine existing formulae that include breaking criterion, amplitude evolution and run-up height. The properties of shoreline motion, underwater particle velocity and scale effect on run-up height are briefly discussed. Based on our analyses, it is evidently found that there exist five zones during a wave amplitude evolution course on the present mild slope. A simple formula which is capable of predicting maximum run-up height for a breaking solitary wave on a uniform beach with a wide range of beach slope (1:15–1:60) is also proposed. The calculated results from the present model agree favorably with available laboratory data, indicating that our method is compatible with other predictive models.     

A three-point method for estimating wave reflection of obliquely incident waves over a sloping bottom

A three-point method for estimating wave reflection is proposed to account for monochromatic oblique incident waves propagating over a sloping beach. The amplitudes of reflected wave and incident wave are separated using wave amplitudes measured at three fixed wave gauges with a distance. The applicability of the theory is verified by comparing the simulated results with the available theoretical, numerical and experimental results for the estimation of wave reflection. The sensitivity is also tested to provide a more accurate prediction of the reflection coefficient.     

Gas seepage, pockmarks and mud volcanoes in the near shore of SW Taiwan

In order to understand gas hydrate related seafloor features in the near shore area off SW Taiwan, a deep-towed sidescan sonar and sub-bottom profiler survey was conducted in 2007. Three profiles of high-resolution sub-bottom profiler reveal the existence of five gas seeps (G96, GS1, GS2, GS3 and GS4) and one pockmark (PM) in the study area. Gas seeps and pockmark PM are shown in lines A and C, while no gas venting feature is observed along line B. This is the first time that a gas-hydrate related pockmark structure has been imaged off SW Taiwan. The relatively high backscatter intensity in our sidescan sonar images indicates the existence of authigenic carbonates or chemosynthetic communities on the seafloor. More than 2,000 seafloor photos obtained by a deep-towed camera (TowCam) system confirm the relatively high backscatter intensity of sidescan sonar images related to bacteria mats and authigenic carbonates formation at gas seep G96 and pockmark PM areas. Water column gas flares are observed in sidescan sonar images along lines A and C. Likewise, EK500 echo sounder images display the gas plumes above gas seep G96, pockmark PM and gas seep GS1; the gas plumes heights reach about 150, 100 and 20 m from seafloor, respectively. Based on multichannel seismic reflection (MCS) profiles, an anticline structure trending NNE-SSW is found beneath gas seep G96, pockmark PM and gas seep GS2. It implies that the gas venting features are related to the anticline structure. A thermal fluid may migrate from the anticline structure to the ridge crest, then rises up to the seafloor along faults or fissures. The seafloor characteristics indicate that the gas seep G96 area may be in a transitional stage from the first to second stage of a gas seep self-sealing process, while the pockmark PM area is from the second to final stage. In the pockmark PM area, gas venting is observed at eastern flank but not at the bottom while authigenic carbonates are present underneath the pockmark. It implies that the fluid migration pathways could have been clogged by carbonates at the bottom and the current pathway has shifted to the eastern flank of the pockmark during the gas seep self-sealing process.     

Cold deep water in the South China Sea

Two deep channels that cut through the Luzon Strait facilitate deep (>2000 m) water exchange between the western Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea. Our observations rule out the northern channel as a major exchange conduit. Rather, the southern channel funnels deep water from the western Pacific to the South China Sea at the rate of 1.06 ± 0.44 Sv (1 Sv = 10⁶ m³s⁻¹). The residence time estimated from the observed inflow from the southern channel, about 30 to 71 years, is comparable to previous estimates. The observation-based estimate of upwelling velocity at 2000 m depth is (1.10 ± 0.33) × 10⁻⁶ ms⁻¹, which is of the same order as Ekman pumping plus upwelling induced by the geostrophic current. Historical hydrographic observations suggest that the deep inflow is primarily a mixture of the Circumpolar Deep Water and Pacific Subarctic Intermediate Water. The cold inflow through the southern channel offsets about 40% of the net surface heat gain over the South China Sea. Balancing vertical advection with vertical diffusion, the estimated mean vertical eddy diffusivity of heat is about 1.21 × 10⁻³ m²s⁻¹. The cold water inflow from the southern channel maintains the shallow thermocline, which in turn could breed internal wave activities in the South China Sea.     

Effect of wave non‐linearity on the standing‐wave‐induced seabed response

A standing wave in front of a seawall may reach a height more than twice of its incident component. When excess pore pressure occurs, it may even induce seabed instability, hence endangering the structure. This issue was studied previously using only linear wave theory. In this paper, standing‐wave theory to a second‐order approximation is applied, in order to demonstrate the differences between these two solutions. The spatial and temporal variations in the instantaneous pore pressure are first calculated, in addition to their vertical distributions. The effects of wave height, water depth and the degree of soil saturation on pore pressure distributions are then discussed, followed by the net pore pressure averaged over one wave cycle. The results suggest the existence of a residual pore pressure in the seabed and its net pore pressure can be used to estimate the wave‐induced liquefaction potential in a soil column. It also indicates that, in deep water, the second‐order solution predicts that a negative pore pressure at an antinode which may be greater than a positive pressure. Overall, the second‐order solution is found to agree better with the experimental results of the pore pressures available, compared to the linear solution. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Geometric characteristics of storm-beach profiles caused by inclined waves

A theoretical analysis shows that the geometric characteristics of a storm-beach profile is governed by a modified Iribarren number which includes the effects among the factors of beach slope, breaking wave angle and wave steepness. A series of experiments have been conducted in a three-dimensional movable bed model on the conditions of two different beach slopes and two incident wave angles as well as several erosive wave steepnesses. Based on the experimental data, the relative importance of each factor involved in the parameter is discussed. The empirical relationships between the geometric characteristics of a storm-beach profile and the modified Iribarren number are proposed through regression analysis.     

A modified Euler–Lagrange transformation for particle orbits in nonlinear progressive waves

This paper presents a modified Euler–Lagrange transformation method to obtain the third-order trajectory solution in a Lagrangian form for the water particles in nonlinear water waves. We impose the assumption that the Lagrangian wave frequency is a function of wave steepness and an arbitrary vertical position for each water particle. Expanding the unknown function in a small perturbation parameter and using a successive expansion in a Taylor series for the water particle path and the period of a particle motion, the third-order asymptotic expressions for the Lagrangian particle trajectories, the mass transport velocity and the period of particle motion can be derived directly in Lagrangian form. The wave frequency and mean level of the particle motion in Lagrangian form differ from those of the Eulerian. Finally, the third-order asymptotic solution obtained is uniformly valid in contrast with early works containing resonant terms presented by Wiegel [1964. Oceanographical Engineering. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, pp. 37–40] (Eqs. (B.1) and (B.1), (B.2) in Appendix B) or Chen et al.[2006. Theoretical analysis of surface waves shoaling and breaking on a sloping bottom. Part 2 nonlinear waves. Wave motion, 43, 356–369] based on a straightforward expansion for two-dimensional progressive waves.