Aroma types of flue-cured tobacco in China: spatial distribution and association with climatic factors

Aroma types of flue-cured tobacco (FCT) are classified into light, medium, and heavy in China. However, the spatial distribution of FCT aroma types and the relationships among aroma types, chemical parameters, and climatic variables were still unknown at national scale. In the current study, multi-year averaged chemical parameters (total sugars, reducing sugars, nicotine, total nitrogen, chloride, and K₂O) of FCT samples with grade of C3F and climatic variables (mean, minimum and maximum temperatures, rainfall, relative humidity, and sunshine hours) during the growth periods were collected from main planting areas across China. Significant relationships were found between chemical parameters and climatic variables (p?<?0.05). A spatial distribution map of FCT aroma types were produced using support vector machine algorithms and chemical parameters. Significant differences in chemical parameters and climatic variables were observed among the three aroma types based on one-way analysis of variance (p?<?0.05). Areas with light aroma type had significantly lower values of mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures than regions with medium and heavy aroma types (p?<?0.05). Areas with heavy aroma type had significantly lower values of rainfall and relative humidity and higher values of sunshine hours than regions with light and medium aroma types (p?<?0.05). The output produced by classification and regression trees showed that sunshine hours, rainfall, and maximum temperature were the most important factors affecting FCT aroma types at national scale.     

A Case Study of Impact of FY-2C Satellite Data in Cloud Analysis to Improve Short-Range Precipitation Forecast

Chinese FengYun-2C（FY-2C） satellite data were combined into the Local Analysis and Prediction System（LAPS） model to obtain three-dimensional cloud parameters and rain content. These parameters analyzed by LAPS were used to initialize the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System model（GRAPES） in China to predict precipitation in a rainstorm case in the country. Three prediction experiments were conducted and were used to investigate the impacts of FY-2C satellite data on cloud analysis of LAPS and on short range precipitation forecasts. In the first experiment, the initial cloud fields was zero value. In the second, the initial cloud fields were cloud liquid water, cloud ice, and rain content derived from LAPS without combining the satellite data. In the third experiment, the initial cloud fields were cloud liquid water, cloud ice, and rain content derived from LAPS including satellite data. The results indicated that the FY-2C satellite data combination in LAPS can show more realistic cloud distributions, and the model simulation for precipitation in 1–6 h had certain improvements over that when satellite data and complex cloud analysis were not applied.     

芦苇湿地生态处理城市生活污水效果分析

选择两块生长相对均匀的芦苇湿地样地作为研究对象,研究芦苇湿地对城市污水中生物需氧量(BOD)、总悬浮物(S-S)、总氮(T-N)、总磷(T-P)的去除效果以及芦苇湿地在城市污水中的响应关系。结果表明:芦苇湿地加污水处理剂对城市污水净化效果较好,BOD、S-S、T-N和T-P去除率分别可达95.2%、92.1%、69.8%和57.6%。通过显著性分析发现,芦苇湿地是否加污水处理剂与城市污水中BOD、S-S、T-N和T-P去除率之间存在显著差异。芦苇湿地生态处理污水中的BOD和S-S的去除作用较强,对T-N和T-P的去除效果相对较弱。芦苇湿地处理城市污水,对芦苇生长无不良影响,而且污水为芦苇生长提供了良好的肥源,使芦苇盖度比对照增加16.8%～18.3%,高度比对照增加20.0～24.1cm,生物量比对照增加315.0～411.2g。     

Wideband dipole logging based on segment linear frequency modulation excitation

A wideband dipole signal is required for dipole dispersion correction and near-borehole imaging. To obtain the broadband flexural wave dispersion, we use a nonlinear frequency modulation (NLFM) signal and propose a segment linear frequency modulation (SLFM) signal as the dipole excitation signal to compensate for the excitation intensity. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the signal over the entire frequency band is increased. The finite-difference method is used to simulate the responses from a Ricker wavelet, a linear frequency modulation (LFM) signal, an NLFM signal, and an SLFM signal in two borehole models of a homogeneously hard formation and a radially stratified formation. The dispersion and radial tomography results at low SNR of the sound source signals are compared. Numerical modeling suggests that the energy of the flexural waves excited by the Ricker wavelet source is concentrated near the Airy phase. In this case, the dispersion is incomplete and information regarding the formation near or far from the borehole cannot be obtained. The LFM signal yields dispersion information near the Airy phase and the high-frequency range but not in the low-frequency range. Moreover, the information regarding the formation far from the borehole is not accurate. The NLFM signal extends the frequency range of the flexural waves by compensating for the excitation intensity and yields information regarding the formation information, but it is not easy to obtain. The SLFM signal yields the same results as the NLFM signal and is easier to implement. Consequently, the dipole detection range expands and the S-wave velocity calculation accuracy improves.     

甘肃省张掖市黑河流域中游典型退化湿地植被特征及生态恢复技术

对甘肃省张掖市黑河流域中游典型退化湿地植被特征进行了研究,分析了影响湿地植被退化的主要原因,探讨了研究区退化湿地的植被恢复技术。研究结果表明,研究区分布有植物45科123属196种,其中,禾本科(Poaceae)、菊科(Asteraceae)、藜科(Chenopodiaceae)和豆科(Leguminosae)包含的植物属较多,分别占研究区植物属总数的17.07%、9.76%、7.32%和7.23%。湿地植物群落的种类组成主要以广布性的湿生、盐生和中生植物为优势种,植物群落以盐生、湿生和沼泽型的植物群落为主。提出了采用天然湿地补水、湿地封育、人工种草和栽植湿地植物恢复技术,以及实施生态农业与"退耕还湿"等工程,进行湿地植被恢复。     

Spatiotemporal modeling of monthly soil temperature using artificial neural networks

Soil temperature data are critical for understanding land–atmosphere interactions. However, in many cases, they are limited at both spatial and temporal scales. In the current study, an attempt was made to predict monthly mean soil temperature at a depth of 10 cm using artificial neural networks (ANNs) over a large region with complex terrain. Gridded independent variables, including latitude, longitude, elevation, topographic wetness index, and normalized difference vegetation index, were derived from a digital elevation model and remote sensing images with a resolution of 1 km. The good performance and robustness of the proposed ANNs were demonstrated by comparisons with multiple linear regressions. On average, the developed ANNs presented a relative improvement of about 44 % in root mean square error, 70 % in mean absolute percentage error, and 18 % in coefficient of determination over classical linear models. The proposed ANN models were then applied to predict soil temperatures at unsampled locations across the study area. Spatiotemporal variability of soil temperature was investigated based on the obtained database. Future work will be needed to test the applicability of ANNs for estimating soil temperature at finer scales.     

根据Brewer和TOMS资料分析、验证瓦里关地区大气臭氧总量变化特征

通过对1 9 9 3年9月~2 0 0 3年1 1月瓦里关地区(3 6.1 7°N,1 0 0.5 3°E)Brewer资料和TOMS资料的比较分析,结果表明:1)瓦里关Brewer臭氧光谱仪的观测数据与卫星的TOMS观测数据之间存在一定的差异,两者的差异8 0%以上集中在-2.5%~2.5%之间;2)1 9 9 3~2 0 0 3年瓦里关地区的大气臭氧总量有着明显的下降趋势,这与北半球中纬度地区观测到的平流层臭氧减少的趋势相吻合;3)瓦里关地区大气臭氧总量存在明显的年际变化和季节变化,且每年的2~4月较高,8~1 0月较低,一年中振荡的幅度达到6 0 DU;4)TOMS两个版本的观测数据与地面观测结果呈现出较好的一致性和相关性,相关系数达到0.9以上。     

我国过去千年地表温度序列的初步重建

通过对器测温度资料与代用温度资料的研究,对中国过去1 000年的地表温度序列进行了初步重建.重建主要以树轮年表资料为基础,采用不同方法分别合成具有年分辨率的400年与1 000年西部温度序列,以及具有10年分辨率的400年全国温度序列和具有30年分辨率的1 000年全国温度序列.全国温度重建结果表明,中国在1000～1310年间表现出了与欧洲中世纪暖期相对应的温暖阶段,但该暖期在中国西部地区反映得并不明显;而14到19世纪的小冰期则在所有序列中均有显著表现;19世纪中期至上世纪80年代升温显著,但并未超过中世纪暖期水平.作者也讨论了重建序列的不确定性,以及重建序列与前人研究结果的异同.     

An Evidence of Aerosol Indirect Effect on Stratus Clouds from the Integrated Ground-Based Measurements at the ARM Shouxian Site

The aerosol effect on clouds was explored using remote sensing of aerosol and cloud data at Shouxian, China. Non-precipitation, ice-free, and overcast clouds were firstly chosen by a combination of sky images from the Total Sky Imager (TSI), cloud base heights from the Ceilometer, and vertical temperature profiles from the Balloon-Borne Sounding System (BBSS). Six cases were chosen in summer, and seven in autumn. The averaged cloud effective radii (re), cloud optical depth (COD), aerosol total light scattering coefficient (σ), and liquid water path (LWP) are, respectivey, 6.47 μm, 35.4, 595.9 mm-1, 0.19 mm in summer, and 6.07 μm, 96.0, 471.7 mm-1, 0.37 mm in autumn. The correlation coefficient between re and σ was found to change from negative to positive value as LWP increases.