面向碱性农地镉污染土壤钝化的凹凸棒改性特征及效果研究

凹凸棒及其改性材料具有较发达的比表面积、丰富的官能团及较强的吸附能力,被作为良好的环境修复材料而成为农田土壤重金属修复领域的研究热点。目前中国农田土壤Cd污染现状仍然严峻,为探究改性凹凸棒的钝化机制及其对碱性土壤Cd污染的钝化效果,本文采用氢氧化钠、氯化铁两种改性剂对凹凸棒改性,利用扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）及比表面积测定（BET）和孔径分析（BJH）对改性前后凹凸棒的微观结构和表面形态进行表征,结合表征结果分析其钝化机理,开展室内模拟Cd污染碱性土壤培养试验、生菜盆栽试验,采用原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤Cd含量,探究单一施用与复配施用两种改性凹凸棒对碱性土壤Cd的钝化效果差异。结果表明：碱处理后凹凸棒Si—O基团、结构负电荷增多,铁改性后凹凸棒微孔数量增多、比表面积增大,两种改性方法均使凹凸棒的内部结构及表面形态发生明显改变,吸附能力得以提升。碱改性凹凸棒（AM）通过更强的化学吸附能力实现对Cd的钝化,可提高土壤pH和阳离子交换量（CEC）,而铁改性凹凸棒（IM）则具有更强的物理吸附能力和较强的化学吸附能力,使得土壤pH降低、CEC升高,两种材料复配施用能够在一定程度上减小了pH升高幅度、提高土壤CEC值,提高钝化效果。碱、铁改性凹凸棒按质量配比3：1、土壤质量的2.00%施用后,土壤Cd有效态含量可降低33.85%,生菜对Cd的富集系数降低24.49%,在各处理组中效果最好。因此,铁改性凹凸棒对碱性土壤重金属Cd具有良好的钝化效果。在实际应用中应避免单独施用碱改性凹凸棒,可考虑与其他钝化材料复配施用,实现在保护土壤质量的同时更好地降低土壤Cd污染。     

全球变暖背景下的中国西部地区气候变化研究进展

全球变暖是19世纪80年代以来,地球的年平均气温和地表温度呈上升趋势的现象.在全球变暖的大背景下,我国的气候也发生了显著的变化.探讨全球变暖背景下中国西部地区的气温、降水、气候转型以及青藏高原对中国气候的影响等,对我国应对气候变化问题有着重要的意义.本文从气温、降水、气候转型以及青藏高原对中国气候的影响等方面概述了近年来中国西部地区气候变化的最新研究进展,并探讨了未来的研究方向.     

BDS载波相位时频传递性能分析

采用GFZ精密卫星轨道、钟差和MGEX测站观测数据,分析BDS载波相位时频传递性能。在KARR站BDS可视卫星数较多（平均为10.1颗）时,BDS时间传递精度为0.2 ns,与GPS、GLONASS相当;在PTVL站BDS可视卫星较少（平均为6.9颗）时,平均TDOP为3.5,大于GPS和GLONASS,其时间传递精度较低,仅为0.68 ns,差于GPS和GLONASS。目前,由于BDS全球跟踪站有限,MEO卫星较少,BDS收敛时间长于GPS和GLONASS。两测站三系统频率传递结果和频率稳定度结果基本相当,变化趋势一致。因测站KARR、PTVL未配备高稳定度的原子钟作为外接频标,得到的频率传递精度和频率稳定度较差。     

Model Computations of the Impact of Climatic Change on the Windthrow Risk of Trees

The more humid, warmer weather pattern predicted for the future is expected to increase the windthrow risk of trees through reduced tree anchorage due to a decrease in soil freezing between late autumn and early spring, i.e during the most windy months of the year. In this context, the present study aimed at calculating how a potential increase of up to 4°C in mean annual temperature might modify the duration of soil frost and the depth of frozen soil in forests and consequently increase the risk of windthrow. The risk was evaluated by combining the simulated critical windspeeds needed to uproot Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) under unfrozen soil conditions with the possible change in the frequency of these winds during the unfrozen period. The evaluation of the impacts of elevated temperature on the frequency of these winds at times of unfrozen and frozen soil conditions was based on monthly wind speed statistics for the years 1961–1990 (Meteorological Yearbooks of Finland, 1961–1990). Frost simulations in a Scots pine stand growing on a moraine sandy soil (height 20 m, stand density 800 stems ha–1) showed that the duration of soil frost will decrease from 4–5 months to 2–3 months per year in southern Finland and from 5–6 months to 4–5 months in northern Finland given a temperature elevation of 4°C. In addition, it could decrease substantially more in the deeper soil layers (40–60 cm) than near the surface (0–20 cm), particularly in southern Finland. Consequently, tree anchorage may lose much of the additional support gained at present from the frozen soil in winter, making Scots pines more liable to windthrow during winter and spring storms. Critical wind-speed simulations showed mean winds of 11–15 m s–1 to be enough to uproot Scots pines under unfrozen soil conditions, i.e. especially slender trees with a high height to breast height diameter ratio (taper of 1:120 and 1:100). In the future, as many as 80% of these mean winds of 11–15 m s–1 would occur during months when the soil is unfrozen in southern Finland, whereas the corresponding proportion at present is about 55%. In northern Finland, the percentage is 40% today and is expected to be 50% in the future. Thus, as the strongest winds usually occur between late autumn and early spring, climate change could increase the loss of standing timber through windthrow, especially in southern Finland.     

August–September Runoff Variation in the Kara Darya River Determined from Juniper(Juniperus turkestanica) Tree Rings in the Pamirs-Alai Mountains,Kyrgyzstan, Back to 1411 CE

A 606 year runoff reconstruction of the Kara Darya River was developed, based on the tree-ring width chronology of Turkestan juniper(Juniperus turkestanica) from the Pamir-Alai Mountains of Kyrgyzstan. Preliminary comparison between the snow cover variation and these climate/runoff reconstructions found that Central Asian snow cover may have strong associations with large-scale ocean-atmosphere-land circulations. The runoff reconstruction demonstrated that instrumental runoff was not representat...     

天山北坡雪岭云杉树轮宽度年表梯度特征分析

在天山北坡不同区域间隔海拔高度100 m左右采集5个树轮梯度年表,分析树木径向生长沿海拔高度变化的规律。结果发现:在树轮年表特征中,平均轮宽、树龄和敏感度等存在海拔梯度变化,平均轮宽和敏感度随海拔升高而降低,而平均树龄则与海拔高度呈正相关。高海拔采样点在同一区域和不同区域间一致性最好,低海拔采样点次之,而森林中部最差,东部和中部低海拔区域采样点的一致性要好于西部,坡向、坡度等小生境的差异也是影响树轮生长垂直变化规律的重要因素。存在同时影响不同海拔高度树轮生长的环境要素,西部和中部高海拔树木对该要素的响应更显著,在更为干旱的天山北坡中部和东部,对树木径向生长的影响较大的环境因子要多于西部伊犁地区。     

REMOTE SENSING OF THE SEASONAL VARIATION IN COLUMN ABUNDANCE OF ATMOSPHERIC CH_4

Infrared solar spectra on clear days were measured automatically by an infrared solarspectrometer(ISS)with 0.4 cm~(-1) resolution developed by us.A line-by line(LBL)computationmethod was used to calculate theoretical atmospheric absorption.In the wavelength range of 3.410—3.438 μm.the absorption is mainly due to atmospheric methane and water vapor.Columnatmospheric methane was retrieved from the recorded infrared solar spectra.The seasonal variationof column atmospheric methane in Hefei has been obtained from the measuremental data of nearly18 months since the April of 1997.and found that it is similar to that of background data.Theinstruments.principles of measurement and some of results were introduced,and the results arealso discussed briefly in the paper.     

中国LULUCF碳核算与决策支持系统设计与开发

为了服务于我国气候公约谈判和陆地生态系统碳循环管理,对我国已建立的观测、数据、模型和方法进行有效集成,实现对全国陆地生态系统碳平衡、LULUCF活动碳汇效应,以及各种履约对策综合影响的动态评估,基于IPCC理念和方法,以.NET和ArcG IS为平台,设计开发了中国LULUCF碳核算与决策支持系统。本文首先介绍了系统原型设计和基本结构,然后,详细叙述中国LULUCF碳核算与决策支持系统的11个主要模块的算法及功能实现,系统数据集成和管理方式,系统决策实现和对比分析。该系统采用C#语言进行开发,采用五层次结构模式,运用关系型数据库存储空间数据,实现了空间数据和属性数据一体化的无缝管理。该系统功能齐备并且具有扩展性,可以接受不同的核定方案,进行多途径、多方案、多情景的比对,能为我国第二次全国温室气体清单编制和LULUCF活动碳汇效应计量提供可靠、高效的方法,为国家参与气候公约谈判和履约提供所需要的基础数据和科学依据。     

贵州晴隆山节地金矿矿体特征及成矿规律

滇黔桂“金三角”是我国著名的卡林型金矿集区之一,已发现了多个大型、超大型金矿床和中小型矿床和矿点,查明的金资源储量已超过500t(陈懋弘等,2009a)。贵州晴隆紫马山节地金矿最早发现于90年代,主要以地表氧化矿的开采为主,其与临近的老万场金矿相似,矿体呈透镜状产出于二叠系中统茅口组顶部岩溶凹地内（韩至均,1995a）。直到2015年才发现隐伏于逆冲断层破碎带和次级背斜核部的复合型矿体。因此对其产出特征及成矿规律的研究对于整个潘家庄断裂带及碧痕营穹窿构造耦合区的找矿有着重要的意义     

Impacts of climate change on the risk of snow-induced forest damage in Finland

This work studied the temporal and spatial variability of the risk of snow-induced forest damage in Finland under current and changing climatic conditions until the end of this century. The study was based on a snow accumulation model in which cumulative precipitation, air temperature and wind speed were used as input variables. The risk was analyzed in terms of the number of days per year when the accumulated amount of snow exceeded 20 kg m^???2. Based on the risk, the forest area and mean carbon stock of seedling, young thinning and advanced thinning stands at risk were calculated. Furthermore, the number of 5-day periods, when the accumulated amount of snow exceeded a risk limit, was calculated for the current and changing climatic conditions in order to study the frequency of damaging snowfalls. Compared to the baseline period 1961–1990, the risk of snow-induced forest damage and the amount of damaging snowfalls were predicted to decrease from the first 30-year period (1991–2020) onwards. Over the whole country, the mean annual number of risk days decreased by 11%, 23% and 56% in the first, second and third 30-year period, respectively, compared to the baseline period. In the most hazardous areas in north-western and north-eastern Finland, the number of risk days decreased from the baseline period of over 30 days to about 8 days per year at the end of the century. Correspondingly, the shares of the forest area at risk were 1.9%, 2.0% and 1.0% in the first, second and third 30-year period, respectively. The highest mean annual carbon stocks of young stands at risk were found in central, north-eastern and north-western Finland in the first and second 30-year period, varying between 0.6 and 1.2 Mg C ha^???1 year^???1, meaning at highest 3% of the mean carbon stock (Mg C stem wood ha^???1) of those areas. This study showed that although the risk of snow-induced forest damage was mainly affected by changes in critical weather events, the development of growing stock under the changing climatic conditions also had an effect on the risk assessment. However, timely management of forest stands in the areas with a high risk of snow-induced damage contributes to the trees’ increased resistance to the damage.