基于粒子群优化神经网络算法的深基坑变形预测方法

深基坑变形预测是进行施工参数调整和确保深基坑施工安全的重要手段,而如何对其变形进行有效、准确的预测是一个有待解决的技术难题。采用粒子群优化算法对神经网络模型的初始权值和阈值进行优化,并将已有的变形监测数据作为神经网络的输入参数,建立了基于粒子群优化神经网络算法的深基坑变形预测方法。将形成的方法应用于长春市火车站北广场深基坑开挖监测工程中。结果表明：8号水平位移测点预测结果的均方根误差为3.78%,平均百分比误差为5.48%;9号地面沉降点预测结果的均方根误差为5.62%,平均百分比误差为3.23%。经验证,本文方法预测深基坑开挖过程中的变形具有较高的可信度。     

青藏高原风沙堆积对多年冻土影响研究进展

受全球气候变化和人类活动影响,青藏高原上的土地沙漠化正呈现加速发展态势。沙漠化产生的风沙堆积势必改变地表辐射和能量平衡状况,对较为敏感和脆弱的多年冻土环境造成影响,并可能影响青藏铁路路基的稳定性。因此,研究积沙对多年冻土的影响对于高原沙害防治、多年冻土保护和道路工程建设都具有重要的理论及现实意义。目前,前人已在青藏高原地表能量平衡研究方面取得了一些成果,并开始关注积沙对冻土温度影响问题。然而,由于已有观测资料的连续性、同步性和可比性等局限,对积沙地表辐射和能量平衡方面的研究还比较薄弱,积沙对冻土温度过程影响的研究结果尚不一致,而积沙对路基影响的问题也亟待开展研究。为此,本文提出了加强定位观测、开展室内低温实验以及数值模拟等建议,以期对今后的深入研究起到抛砖引玉作用。     

中国数字地震台网的现状和近期发展

中国数字地震台网（CDSN）自20世纪80年代建成并投入运行以来, 有力地促进了我国的数字地震学研究, 扩大并加深了我们对地壳、 地球内部构造和地震震源过程的认识, 从而有助于地震预报和减轻地震灾害的研究工作. 随着世界科学技术的发展, 中美双方于1992年~2001年,对CDSN进行了二期技术改造.本文综述了CDSN二期技术改造的目标和技术内容;ldquo;新一代rdquo;CDSN的技术特性和运行状况;基于CDSN二期技术改造建立的CDSN数据通信系统,研发CDSN数字地震实时分析系统的进展.      

滦县ML5.0地震前重力异常探讨

分析研究了2004年1月20日河北省滦县ML5．0地震孕育过程中首都圈重力场的异常变化和动态演化特征。结果表明,震前出现的重力上升-下降-上升变化是较明显的中短期异常反映;重力场动态图像较清晰地反映了研究区重力场的准均匀态-非均匀态一发震的演化过程;滦县地区重力场的异常变化形态支持了孕震体震前膨胀的理论。     

Integrated method of RS and GPR for monitoring the changes in the soil moisture and groundwater environment due to underground coal mining

Mining affects the environment in different ways depending on the physical context in which the mining occurs. In mining areas with an arid environment, mining affects plants’ growth by changing the amount of available water. This paper discusses the effects of mining on two important determinants of plant growth—soil moisture and groundwater table (GWT)—which were investigated using an integrated approach involving a field sampling investigation with remote sensing (RS) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR). To calculate and map the distribution of soil moisture for a target area, we initially analyzed four models for regression analysis between soil moisture and apparent thermal inertia and finally selected a linear model for modeling the soil moisture at a depth 10 cm; the relative error of the modeled soil moisture was about 6.3% and correlation coefficient 0.7794. A comparison of mined and unmined areas based on the results of limited field sampling tests or RS monitoring of Landsat 5-thermatic mapping (TM) data indicated that soil moisture did not undergo remarkable changes following mining. This result indicates that mining does not have an effect on soil moisture in the Shendong coal mining area. The coverage of vegetation in 2005 was compared with that in 1995 by means of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) deduced from TM data, and the results showed that the coverage of vegetation in Shendong coal mining area has improved greatly since 1995 because of policy input RMB￥0.4 per ton coal production by Shendong Coal Mining Company. The factor most affected by coal mining was GWT, which dropped from a depth of 35.41 m before mining to a depth of 43.38 m after mining at the Bulianta Coal Mine based on water well measurements. Ground-penetrating radar at frequencies of 25 and 50 MHz revealed that the deepest GWT was at about 43.4 m. There was a weak water linkage between the unsaturated zone and groundwater, and the decline of water table primarily resulted from the well pumping for mining safety rather than the movement of cracking strata. This result is in agreement with the measurements of the water wells. The roots of nine typical plants in the study area were investigated. Populus was found to have the deepest root system with a depth of about 26 m. Based on an assessment of plant growth demands and the effect of mining on environmental factors, we concluded that mining will have less of an effect on plant growth at those sites where the primary GWT depth before mining was deep enough to be unavailable to plants. If the primary GWT was available for plant growth before mining, especially to those plants with deeper roots, mining will have a significant effect on the growth of plants and the mechanism of this effect will include the loss of water to roots and damage to the root system.     

Environmental significance of snowpit chemistry in the typical monsoonal temperate glacier region,Baishui glacier no. 1, Mt Yulong,China

Samples were collected from two snowpits in Baishui glacier no. 1, Mt Yulong, China, in May 2006. Snowpit chemistry was studied, using ion tracer techniques, HYSPLIT model, factor analysis, correlation and trend analysis. It indicated that total cation concentration is higher in 4,900-m snowpit than in 4,750-m snowpit, whereas total anion concentration is higher in 4,750-m snowpit. Cations, especially Ca²⁺, dominate ionic concentrations in Baishui glacier no. 1. According to correlation analysis and factor analysis, ions can be categorized as follows: Cl⁻ and NO₃ ⁻ as Group 1, SO₄ ²⁻ as Group 2, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ as Group 3, Na⁺ as Group 4, K⁺ as Group 5. Contribution made by terrestrial dust to ionic concentration accounts for 52.27, 100, 99.36, 98.91, 96.16 and 99.97% of Cl⁻, NO₃ ⁻, SO₄ ²⁻, K⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺, respectively, in 4,900-m snowpit, and for 64.00, 100, 99.57, 98.63, 96.25 and 99.97% in 4,750-m snowpit. Local dust is the principal source of snowpit chemical components. Pollutants brought from industrial areas of South Asia, Southeast Asia and South China by monsoonal circulation also makes some contribution to anion concentrations, but pollution associated with human activities makes a very slight contribution in study area. The chemical characteristics of two snowpits are different owing to the difference of deposition mechanism and local environment in different altitudes.     

基于分布式大流域径流模型的中国西北黑河流域水文模拟

水资源短缺是中国西北干旱地区长期的问题,区域人口增加、城市化扩张,加之气候变化的影响进一步加剧了西北地区水资源短缺,也使生活用水、灌溉用水、工业用水和维持生态系统稳定的用水危险加剧.采用分布式大流域径流模型(DLBRM)模拟黑河流域水文(中国第二大内陆河,流域面积128 000 km2)来理解区域的冰川和积雪融化水、地下水、地表水、蒸散发等方面的分布,评估气候变化对水文的影响和冰川退缩对中游和下游来水量的影响.模拟结果表明,黑河流域的大部分产流那源于黑河上游地区的祁连山.模拟1990-2000年黑河河流日流量变化结果认为,黑河中游正义峡给下游的供水为10×108m3,其中地表径流占51%,层间流占49%.中游地区沙土具有较高的蒸腾发能力,近一半的地表水被蒸发掉.模拟实践证明,分布式大流域径流模型可以结合气候变化、水资源管理方面的成果,改进流域水文模拟的精度.     

辽宁省凤城市林家金矿地质特征及成因探讨

林家金矿的赋矿地层为早元古界辽河群变质岩系,矿体形态产状严格受断裂控制,呈脉状、扁豆状产出,沿走向呈舒缓的波状,局部有膨缩变化,矿床成因类型为岩浆期后中低温热液充填交代型金矿床。     

塔河托甫台地区中奥陶统一间房组储层特征与地震预测

通过岩芯观察、薄片鉴定、物性测试资料、常规测井资料等的综合分析,对托甫台地区中奥陶统一问房组碳酸盐岩的沉积相和储层特征及其分布进行研究发现:托甫台地区中奥陶统一间房组发育开阔台地相,包括台内滩、滩间海和点礁亚相.储集空间类型有晶间孔与晶间溶孔、粒问孔与粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔以及大小不等的溶洞等,它们与各种裂缝组成缝洞系统.储层类型有洞穴型、裂缝-孔洞型、裂缝型及孔洞-裂缝型等4种,以裂缝型和孔洞-裂缝型为主,储层非均质性强.在储层特征研究基础上分析储层响应地震特征,并运用地震波场特征参数融合技术进行储层地震预测,在研究区预测出4条南北向展布的带状大型缝洞单元.     

流体包裹体研究:进展、地质应用及展望

在多数地质作用过程中,流体都担任着元素迁移的载体、化学反应的活化荆的角色.大量研究表明,岩石、矿物以及元素在有无流体的情况下会表现出迥异的物理和化学性质,所以对于认识某一地质过程而言,流体方面的研究往往能够提供极其重要的信息.流体包裹体则以其直接反映古流体的成分,在各种矿物中的普遍存在性,以及对各种后期改造有一定的抵抗力等特点而成为研究古地质流体的最佳样本,并已经被成功地应用到各种地质过程的研究中.从基本概念出发,讨论了流体包裹体的种类和原生、次生流体包裹体的区分,对流体包裹体的岩相学观察要点以及流体包裹体研究的最新进展做了简要的综述,着重介绍了研究中常用的分析方法及变质岩中流体包裹体的研究,并举例说明了流体包裹体在矿床学、石油地质学中的应用,以及近期的一些关于流体包裹体中保存生物标志和生物遗迹化石的研究,最后对未来流体包裹体研究的发展方向作了简单的展望.