An experimental study of effect of pre‐existing fabric on deformation of foliated mylonite at high temperature and pressure

We performed deformation experiments on a foliated mylonite under high temperature and pressure conditions in this study. To investigate the effect of pre‐existing fabric on the rheology of rocks, our samples were drilled from natural mylonite with the cylinder axis parallel to the foliation (PAR) and perpendicular to the foliation (PER). We performed 25 tests on seven PAR samples and 21 tests on seven PER samples at temperatures ranging from 600 to 890 °C, confining pressures ranging from 800 to 1400 MPa, and steady‐state strain rates of 1 × 10⁻⁴, 1 × 10⁻⁵ and 2.5 × 10⁻⁶ s⁻¹. In the temperatures of 600–700 °C, the deformation is accommodated by semi‐brittle flow, with the average stress exponent being 6–7 assuming power law flow; in the temperature range of 800–890 °C, deformation is mainly by plastic flow, with an average stress exponent of n = 3 and activation energies of Q = 354 ± 52 kJ/mol (PER and PAR samples). The experimental results show that the strengths of PER samples are higher than those of PAR samples. Deformation microstructures have been studied by optical and electron microscopy. The original foliation of PER samples is destroyed by deformation and replaced by a new foliation, but the deformation of PAR samples followed the original foliation. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurements show a strong lattice preferred orientation (LPO) of the quartz c axis fabrics of the starting samples and deformed PER and PAR samples. However, the c axis fabric of quartz in experimentally deformed PER and PAR samples varied with temperature and strain rate is different from that seen in the starting mylonite sample. The initial quartz c axis fabric of the starting mylonite sample has been transformed into a new fabric during experimental deformation. Dehydration melting of biotite and hornblende occurred in both PER and PAR samples at temperatures of 800–890 °C. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于自动观测的天气现象电码自动编制实现流程

实现地面气象要素自动观测是近年来我国气象观测领域的发展趋势,观测自动化给地面观测业务和观测数据的应用推广带来较大改变。本文研究了基于自动观测的天气现象代码表WMO4680,分析得出WMO4680简化了视程障碍和降水阵性的代码分类,比WMO4677编码更适合自动观测设备的特点。结合我国业务天气现象电码编制原则,设计实现了现在天气现象电码和过去天气现象电码的自动编制。根据我国目前可自动化观测的要素数目,经过流程设计和当前最新业务改革内容,可以实现46个天气电码的自动编报。     

闪电和固、液态降水关系差异的数值模拟

为了进一步认识闪电和固、液态降水的关系,本文利用三维雷暴云动力-电耦合数值模式,通过设置敏感性试验组,模拟了一次雷暴过程,分析雷暴中闪电和降水的特征,以及闪电和固、液态降水对垂直风速的依赖关系,探讨闪电与固、液态降水的时空分布关系和单次闪电表征的降水量(RPF:rainyields per flash)。结果表明:对流云降水中,液态降水占主要部分,但固态降水比液态降水对于垂直风速的依赖性更强。随着对流的增强,固态降水在总降水中占的比重越来越大。首次放电时间不断提前,闪电峰值落后垂直风速峰值,总闪数一开始随对流的增强而增加,对流一旦增强到一定程度,总闪数则逐渐减小。固态降水和液态降水的开始时间和峰值时间均随着对流的增强而不断提前,而液态降水出现时间和峰值时间均提前于固态降水。雷暴云首次放电的时间滞后于液态降水,而闪电峰值提前固态降水峰值或与固态降水峰值同时产生。雷暴云中的放电活动集中在强降水区域前缘的较弱降水区,强降水区对应的闪电较少,对流的增强会使降水区域面积、降水量和降水强度增加。由于液态降水总量远大于固态降水总量,固、液态RPF的数值相差达到一个量级,但单位时间内固态降水和液态降水增加的速率相近。在单位时间内闪电次数越多,RPF则越小,而固态RPF和闪电次数的线性相关性明显好于液态RPF,所以利用固态降水可以更好地预报闪电。这些结果有助于进一步认识闪电和降水的关系,并可为闪电预报提供新的思路。     

杭州湾北岸一次极端高温过程分析

利用实时探空场和欧洲中心20:00细网格、NCEP再分析资料对2013年8月6—10日杭州湾北岸极端高温过程进行分析,结果表明:副高脊线稳定在30°N、高层有辐散气流、低层26℃暖气团处于强副高中心影响是持续40℃极端高温发生的大尺度环流背景。副高与南亚高压"相向而行",在垂直方向上产生深厚的次级环流圈,是2013年极端高温持续时间长、影响范围大的一个重要因素。极端高温的出现与空气异常干燥有密切关系,北方高层干空气南下叠加在中低层副高暖干气团之上,从高层到近地层受一致下沉气流的绝热压缩增温,以及低空暖平流输送的综合影响,是导致7—9日杭州湾北岸多地最高气温屡破记录的原因。经检验,极端高温期间,业务参考使用的4个主要数值模式对最高气温的预报,EC模式误差较小且稳定,绝对误差为1℃,而GFS、JMA和T639误差分别达3℃、4℃和5℃,应用时需订正,以上结果可供夏季高温预报参考。     

面向业务保障的省级气象广域网络优化升级

针对省级气象部门骨干网络存在一些普遍问题,如不同线路没有实现负载分担,备用线路往往带宽闲置;省市间"不对称路由"对远程视频会议等业务的效果有影响;没有针对不同的业务做带宽控制,不同业务间存在相互影响等,采取了一些技术手段。引入策略路由对数据传输进行分流,同时发挥出多条线路的效益,实现了负载分担,并克服了"不对称路由"的现象,保证视频会议的效果。引入一系列QoS(服务质量)策略,对线路上不同业务占用带宽进行管理,既保证实时数据传输和视频会议`等关键业务的带宽,同时又为其他业务提供了动态的带宽资源,充分利用现有的网络带宽。经过测试,整个网络的优化升级,达到了设计的预期目标,可以为其他部门网络设计提供较好的借鉴。     

利用不同方法反演冬小麦叶面积指数研究

基于高光谱数据的叶面积指数监测是快速获取冬小麦叶面积指数的重要方法。为了探究回归方法和高光谱数据变换对冬小麦叶面积指数反演精度的影响,采用逐步回归和偏最小二乘回归方法,分别建立基于冬小麦拔节期冠层高光谱数据、一阶导数光谱数据、二阶导数光谱数据和对数光谱数据的叶面积指数多元线性回归模型。结果显示,导数和对数变换能够提高冬小麦LAI反演精度,以蓝紫光、绿光、红光和近红外波段建立的一阶导数光谱数据逐步回归模型最优,建立回归模型的决定系数R2为0.974,交叉验证的RMSE为0.131,可为冬小麦LAI估算的方法选择和数据处理提供依据和参考。     

A diagnostic analysis on the effect of the residual layer in convective boundary layer development near Mongolia using 20th century reanalysis data

Although the residual layer has already been noted in the classical diurnal cycle of the atmospheric boundary layer,its effect on the development of the convective boundary layer has not been well studied. In this study, based on 3-hourly20 th century reanalysis data, the residual layer is considered as a common layer capping the convective boundary layer. It is identified daily by investigating the development of the convective boundary layer. The region of interest is bounded by(30°–60° N, 80°–120° E), where a residual layer deeper than 2000 m has been reported using radiosondes. The lapse rate and wind shear within the residual layer are compared with the surface sensible heat flux by investigating their climatological means, interannual variations and daily variations. The lapse rate of the residual layer and the convective boundary layer depth correspond well in their seasonal variations and climatological mean patterns. On the interannual scale, the correlation coefficient between their regional averaged(40°–50°N, 90°–110° E) variations is higher than that between the surface sensible heat flux and convective boundary layer depth. On the daily scale, the correlation between the lapse rate and the convective boundary layer depth in most months is still statistically significant during 1970–2012. Therefore, we suggest that the existence of a deep neutral residual layer is crucial to the formation of a deep convective boundary layer near the Mongolian regions.