应用地理信息进行无资料地区流域水文模拟研究

无资料或资料缺乏地区的流域径流模拟是水文学研究中的一个重要的课题.提出了应用地理信息系统分析流域的地理信息参数,进行降雨径流模拟的水文模型.该模型中,产流计算采用美国水土保持局(SCS)的径流曲线数法,流域汇流则采用经本文作者改进的三角形单位线.着重阐述了利用地理信息系统,从流域的地理信息中分析和确定模型参数,还简要介绍了该模型在爱尔兰Dodder河上的应用情况.     

渭河盆地东部地区的活断层

本文根据近年来的调查结果,讨论了渭河盆地东部地区六条主要断裂的活动情况。指出这些断裂现今活动以倾向滑落为主,同时兼有一定分量的左旋走滑运动     

Test method for single interior right angle in a corner cube prism

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应用动态规划确定最优引水路线和水资源最优分配

本文应用动态规划研究兰新线玉门段铁路两侧水资源开发多阶段决策过程的最优化问题, 采用整个输水系统的总费用最小和净效益最大分别作为目标函数, 并分别建立数学模型, 结合当地的自然条件和统计资料, 选择了是最佳引水路线方案, 并对水资源进行科学而合理地分配。经过15年来的运用实践证明: 这些数学模型和计算方法是行之有效的。     

Acidity of Aerosols during Winter Heavy Haze Events in Beijing and Gucheng,China

We investigated the acidity and concentrations of water-soluble ions in PM_2.5 aerosol samples collected from an urban site in Beijing and a rural site in Gucheng, Hebei Province from November 2016 to January 2017 to gain an insight into the formation of secondary inorganic species. The average SO₄^2–, NO₃^–, and NH₄⁺ concentrations were 8.3, 12.5, and 14.1 μg m^–3, respectively, at the urban site and 14.0, 14.2, and 24.2 μg m^–3, respectively, at the rural site. The nitrogen and sulfur oxidation ratios in urban Beijing were correlated with relative humidity (with correlation coefficient r = 0.79 and 0.67, respectively) and the aerosol loadings. Based on a parameterization model, we found that the rate constant of the heterogeneous reactions for SO₂ on polluted days was about 10 times higher than that on clear days, suggesting that the heterogeneous reactions in the aerosol water played an essential role in haze events. The ISORROPIA II model was used to predict the aerosol pH, which had a mean (range) of 5.0 (4.9–5.2) and 5.3 (4.6–6.3) at the urban and rural site, respectively. Under the conditions with this predicted pH value, oxidation by dissolved NO₂ and the hydrolysis of N₂O₅ may be the major heterogeneous reactions forming SO₄^2– and NO₃^– in haze. We also analyzed the sensitivity of the aerosol pH to changes in the concentrations of SO₄^2–, NO₃^–, and NH₄⁺ under haze conditions. The aerosol pH was more sensitive to the SO₄^2– and NH₄⁺ concentrations with opposing trends, than to the NO₃^– concentrations. The sensitivity of the pH was relatively weak overall, which was attributed to the buffering effect of NH₃ partitioning.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区大气气溶胶散射系数影响因子

利用2010年塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境观测试验站单波段(525nm)积分浊度计和PM10自动监测仪、能见度仪器观测资料,结合塔中地面气象观测资料,分析影响塔中气溶胶散射系数的各因子。结果表明:(1)散射系数和PM10质量浓度具有明显的正相关关系,相关程度秋季最大,达0.96;夏季次之,为0.94;冬季最小,为0.91。(2)质量散射系数3月最小,10月最大;四季中,春季最小,为0.60m2·g-1,秋季最大,为1.38m2·g-1。塔中站气溶胶质量散射系数小于河北张北站、甘肃民勤站、兰州西固区,大于内蒙古锡林浩特站、希腊克里特岛、以色列内盖夫沙漠。(3)能见度与散射系数呈显著负幂相关关系,相关系数为0.80,其中夏、秋、冬季的相关系数都超过了年相关系数,分别是0.913、0.908、和0.857,春季最低为0.723。(4)风速较大时,散射系数的值也比较大,两者呈现正相关关系,相关系数为0.45。散射系数小于500 Mm-1时,主要分布于ENE和NE;大于500Mm^-1以上则主要是在ENE、NE、E风向。在ESE风向时,散射系数的平均值最大,其次是SSE方向上,最小值是S风向。     

金塔鸳鸯池灌区地下水动态演变及其对环境影响

金塔盆地属甘肃省河西走廊沙漠化强烈发展地区,倘若水资源利用不当更加加剧沙漠化过程。因此,合理开发利用地下水资源是本区农业生产持续发展和环境保护的关键问题之一。本文作者建议以盆地为整治单元,全面规划、定向控制,坚特以开源与节流结合,"蓄、引、灌、排、补"并举,综合整治山、水、田、林、路。统一管理地表水与地下水开发利用,并建立绿洲防护体系,以建立高效稳定的农业生态绿洲。     

滇西北卓玛Cu--Pb--Zn矿床成矿流体特征

卓玛矿床位于云南香格里拉格咱弧东北部,属斑岩-热液脉型铜多金属矿床。矿体主要赋存于矿区石英二长斑岩内及附近,严格受NW向断裂控制。卓玛矿床的形成经历了黄铁矿-石英(Ⅰ)、黄铁矿±黄铜矿--石英(Ⅱ)、黄铁矿±黄铜矿±方铅矿±闪锌矿-石英(Ⅲ)及贫硫化物-石英-碳酸盐(Ⅳ)四个成矿阶段。通过对各成矿阶段研究样品石英颗粒中的原生流体包裹体进行岩相学、显微测温学及激光拉曼光谱研究,探讨卓玛铜多金属矿床成矿流体特征,结果表明:Ⅰ阶段石英中主要发育富CO_2及气液两相型包裹体;Ⅱ阶段石英中主要发育碳质、富CO_2、含CO_2及气液两相4种类型包裹体;Ⅲ阶段石英中主要发育含CO_2及气液两相型包裹体;Ⅳ阶段石英中主要发育富CO_2、含CO_2及气液两相3种类型包裹体。激光拉曼光谱显示碳质包裹体主要成分为CO_2和CH_4,而CO_2包裹体中除CO_2和CH_4气相成分外,还有部分H_2O。因此,综合研究结果显示卓玛铜多金属矿床成矿流体为中温、低盐度的CO_2--CH_4-Na Cl--H_2O体系热液。成矿过程中,流体温度和盐度数值略有降低趋势,成矿流体的不混溶作用是导致成矿物质大量卸载的关键因素。     

一个简单的准地转海气耦合模式

文章采用准地转带耗散因子的大气和海洋的动量、热力学方程,建立了一个简单的描写大尺度运动的准地转海气耦台浅水模式,分别在中高纬和低纬地区讨论了海气的耦合效应,分析了耦合低频模(海洋模)的振荡周期随耦合频率和经向波数的变化转征,并由此而说明低频振荡与海气相互作用有关。然后从海洋和大气的频散曲线中揭示出耦合强度对Rossby波传播的影响,还从缓变波列的观点,讨论了两种模之间的转换机制。 结果表明:Newton冷却Rayleigh摩擦对海洋Rossby波起稳定作用。随着耦合频率的增加,耦合低频模的周期也相应增加;经向波数越大,这种增加就越迅速。当耦合频率趋近于临界值时,海洋Rossby波趋于静止。当海气耦合强度增加到一定程度时,海洋Rossby波的传播方向变成与原来相反。通过海气相互作用,海洋Rossby波的一部分将转换成大气Rossby波,本文求解了其能量转换系数。      

Micromorphological features of diagnostic horizons in several soils in southwest China: Implication for soil taxonomic classification

The comparative studies on micromorphological features in diagnostic horizons of Stagnic Anthrosols, Ustic Ferrosols and Ustic Vertosols in southwestern China were conducted to underpin the rationale for Chinese Soil Taxonomy. The following findings were explored: (1) Stagnic Anthrosols had the specific micromorphological features, e.g., the humic formation in anthrostagnic epipedon, the platy structures in plow subhorizon, the secondary formation of ferromanganese and the weakly optical-orientation clay do...