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101.
鄂湘桂地区栖霞组古氧相分析与层序地层和海平面变化 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
鄂湘桂地区,早二叠世栖霞组主要为贫氧沉积,通过恢复其形成时沉积环境水体中溶氧量特征及其变化,识别出6个古氧相和4种古氧相相序。古氧相类型、古氧相相序及相差分别反映了沉积环境海平面变化的相位,速度和幅度。古氧相分析从成因上刻画了地层层序的内部结构,成为本区栖霞组内关键性界面,副层序,体系域及层序识别和确定的基础,在对岩相组合单调,空间上岩相厚度变化不大,同时具缺氧成因特征的地层进行层序地层分析时,具 相似文献
102.
María Charco José Fernández Francisco Luzón Kristy F. Tiampo John B. Rundle 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2007,164(4):865-878
Surface displacements and gravity changes due to volcanic sources are influenced by medium properties. We investigate topographic,
elastic and self-gravitation interaction in order to outline the major factors that are significant in data modelling. While
elastic-gravitational models can provide a suitable approximation to problems of volcanic loading in areas where topographic
relief is negligible, for prominent volcanoes the rough topography could affect deformation and gravity changes to a greater
extent than self-gravitation. This fact requires the selection, depending on local relief, of a suitable model for use in
the interpretation of surface precursors of volcanic activity. We use the three-dimensional Indirect Boundary Element Method
to examine the effects of topography on deformation and gravity changes in models of magma chamber inflation/deflation. Topography
has a significant effect on predicted surface deformation and gravity changes. Both the magnitude and pattern of the geodetic
signals are significantly different compared to half-space solutions. Thus, failure to account for topographic effects in
areas of prominent relief can bias the estimate of volcanic source parameters, since the magnitude and pattern of deformation
and gravity changes depend on such effects. 相似文献
103.
104.
The broadband diffuse radiation method is improved to retrieve the aerosol refractive index imaginary part (AIP) and broadband (400-1000 nm mean) single scattering albedo (SSA). In this method, four sets of SSA selection criteria are proposed for quality control. The method is used to retrieve AIP, SSA and absorptive optical thickness (AbOT) from routine hourly-exposed pyrheliometer and paranometer measurements over 11 sites (meteorological observatories) in China during 1998-2003. Apart from one suburban site (Ejin Qi), the other urban sites are all located around big or medium cities. As shown in the retrieval results, annual mean SSA during 1998-2003 changes from 0.941 (Wuhan) to 0.849 (Lanzhou), and AIP from 0.0054 to 0.0203. The 11-site average annual mean SSA and AIP are 0.898 and 0.0119, respectively. SSA during winter is smaller for most sites. There is an evidently positive correlation between SSA and aerosol optical thickness (AOT) for all sites. There is also a positive correlation between SSA and relative humidity for most sites, but a negative correlation for a few sites, such as Kashi and ǚrǚmqi in Northwest China. 相似文献
105.
气温日较差研究进展:变化趋势及其影响因素 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
从日较差的变化趋势、影响因素以及人类活动对气候变化影响的指示3个方面对日较差的研究进行了总结和概括。观测数据以及气候模式模拟的结果表明,全球气温日较差在近半个多世纪以来呈下降趋势,而这种下降趋势不仅仅是自然变化的结果,还受到人类活动的影响。辐射、云量、气溶胶、下垫面的变化、水汽、降水以及航迹云等因素都能对日较差的变化造成影响。日较差的"周末效应"以及城市化过程中日较差的变化相对于平均气温的变化,能够更有效地指示人类活动对气候变化的影响。 相似文献
107.
The climate–population relationship has long been conceived. Although the topic has been repeatedly investigated, most of
the related works are Eurocentric or qualitative. Consequently, the relationship between climate and population remains ambiguous.
In this study, fine-grained temperature reconstructions and historical population data sets have been employed to statistically
test a hypothesized relationship between temperature change and population growth (i.e., cooling associated with below average
population growth) in China over the past millennium. The important results were: (1) Long-term temperature change significantly
determined the population growth dynamics of China. However, spatial variation existed, whilst population growth in Central
China was shown to be responsive to both long- and short-term temperature changes; in marginal areas, population growth was
only sensitive to short-term temperature fluctuations. (2) Temporally, the temperature–population relationship was obscured
in some periods, which was attributable to the factors of drought and social buffers. In summary, a temperature–population
relationship was mediated by geographic factors, the aridity threshold, and social factors. Given the upcoming threat posed
by climate change to human societies, this study seeks to improve our knowledge and understanding of the climate–society relationship. 相似文献
108.
UV attenuation in the cloudy atmosphere 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jianhui Bai 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2009,62(3):211-228
Ultraviolet (UV) energy absorption plays a very important role in the Earth–atmosphere system. Based on observational data
for Beijing, we suggest that some atmospheric constituents utilize or transfer UV energy in chemical and photochemical (C&P) reactions, in addition to those which absorb UV energy directly. These constituents are primarily volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) emitted from both vegetative and anthropogenic sources. The total UV energy loss in the cloudy atmosphere for Beijing
in 1990 was 78.9 Wm−2. This attenuation was caused by ozone (48.3 Wm−2), other compounds in the atmosphere (26.6 Wm−2) and a scattering factor (4.0 Wm−2). Our results for a cloudy atmosphere in the Beijing area show that the absorption due to these other compounds occurs largely
through the mediation of water vapor. This fraction of energy loss has not been fully accounted for in previous models. Observations
and previous models results suggest that 1) a cloudy atmosphere absorbs 25∼30 Wm−2 more solar shortwave radiation than models predict; and 2) aerosols can significantly decrease the downward mean UV-visible
radiation and the absorbed solar radiation at the surface by up to 28 and 23 Wm−2, respectively. Thus, quantitative study of UV and visible absorption by atmospheric constituents involved in homogeneous
and heterogeneous C&P reactions is important for atmospheric models. 相似文献
109.
José Luís Argaín Miguel A. C. Teixeira Pedro M. A. Miranda 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2017,165(1):145-160
A method is proposed for estimating the surface-layer depth \((z_s)\) and the friction velocity \((u_*)\) as a function of stability (here quantified by the Obukhov length, L) over the complete range of unstable flow regimes. This method extends that developed previously for stable conditions by Argaín et al. (Boundary-Layer Meteorol 130:15–28, 2009), but uses a qualitatively different approach. The method is specifically used to calculate the fractional speed-up \((\varDelta S)\) in flow over a ridge, although it is suitable for more general boundary-layer applications. The behaviour of \(z_s \left( L\right) \) and \(u_*\left( L\right) \) as a function of L is indirectly assessed via calculation of \(\varDelta S\left( L\right) \) using the linear model of Hunt et al. (Q J R Meteorol Soc 29:16–26, 1988) and its comparison with the field measurements reported in Coppin et al. (Boundary-Layer Meteorol 69:173–199, 1994) and with numerical simulations carried out using a non-linear numerical model, FLEX. The behaviour of \(\varDelta S\) estimated from the linear model is clearly improved when \(u_*\) is calculated using the method proposed here, confirming the importance of accounting for the dependences of \(z_s\left( L \right) \) and \(u_*\left( L \right) \) on L to better represent processes in the unstable boundary layer. 相似文献
110.
Juan Huang Yanli Feng Jian Li Bin Xiong Jialiang Feng Sheng Wen Guoying Sheng Jiamo Fu Minghong Wu 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2008,61(1):1-20
The levels of carbonyl compounds in Shanghai ambient air were measured in five periods from January 2007 to October 2007 (covering
winter, high-air-pollution days, spring, summer and autumn). A total of 114 samples were collected and eighteen carbonyls
were identified. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were the most abundant carbonyls and their mean concentrations of
19.40 ± 12.00, 15.92 ± 12.07 and 11.86 ± 7.04 μg m−3 respectively, in the daytime for five sampling periods. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde showed similar diurnal profiles with
peak mixing ratios in the morning and early afternoon during the daytime. Their mean concentrations were highest in summer
and lowest in winter. Acetone showed reversed seasonal variation. The high molecular weight (HMW, ≥C5) carbonyls also showed
obvious diurnal variations with higher concentrations in the daytime in summer and autumn, while they were all not detected
in winter. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde played an important role in removing OH radicals in the atmosphere, but the contribution
of acetone was below 1%. The carbonyls levels in high-air-pollution days were reported. More carbonyl species with higher
concentrations were found in high-air-pollution days than in spring. These carbonyls were transported with other pollutants
from north and northwest in March 27 to April 2, 2007 and then mixed with local sources. Comparing with Beijing and Guangzhou,
the concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in Shanghai were the highest, which indicated that the air pollution in
Shanghai was even worse than expected. 相似文献