Production of N2O,CH4, and CO2 from soils in the tropical savanna during the dry season

Emissions of N₂O, CH₄, and CO₂ from soils at two sites in the tropical savanna of central Venezuela were determined during the dry season in February 1987. Measured arithmetic mean fluxes of N₂O, CH₄, and CO₂ from undisturbed soil plots to the atmosphere were 2.5×10⁹, 4.3×10¹⁰, and 3.0×10¹³ molecules cm^-2 s^-1, respectively. These fluxes were not significantly affected by burning the grass layer. Emissions of N₂O increased fourfold after simulated rainfall, suggesting that production of N₂O in savanna soils during the rainy season may be an important source for atmospheric N₂O. The CH₄ flux measurements indicate that these savanna soils were not a sink, but a small source, for atmospheric methane. Fluxes of CO₂ from savanna soils increased ninefold two hours after simulated rainfall, and remained three times higher than normal after 16 hours. More research is needed to clarify the significance of savannas in the global cycles of N₂O, CH₄, CO₂, and other trace gases, especially during the rainy season.     

IMAGE PREDICTION FOR TORRENTIAL RAIN AREAS

A new method is presented for the prediction of a torrential rain (TR) area, where some atmo-physical parameters are used with their given values as criteria most favorable for the occurrence ofTR; an over-all examination is done of the relative favorabilities of these factors for the TR productionin other regions which are then composited and numeralized by means of the theory of nonlinearmapping with the results plotted (‘reflected') on a weather chart, allowing to make an objectiveforecast of the TR area. The preliminary results indicate that the technique is able to objectivelycomposite and clearly exhibit principal distribution features of the parameters on the map, thus show-ing a certain amount of effectiveness for the diagnosis and prediction of a TR area. Regression analysis is used for factor selection to automatically discriminate and locate the jet-stream axis with the aid of a computer. In the calculation of the mapping the gradient method isadopted, in the light of the functional properties of the optimized index K, in place of the simplerelaxational iteration now in general use, thus getting rid of the non-convergence by the iterationmethod because of the increased number of the samples used. The square of the gradient mod-ulus <10~(-4) is set to be the criterion for the iteration convergence. The improved method canmeet the requirements of operational forecasts generally with 50 or less iterations.     

THE NUMERICAL MODELING OF RADIATION FOG

The formation and development of radiation fog are studied by using a one-dimensional model.Theresults are as follows:(1)The fog can change the ambient wind and temperature fields,on the contrary,theambient fields may also influence the fog;(2)The modeling fog forms initially at a certain level above thesurface,which is detailedly explained in the paper;(3)Turbulence delays the formation of fog but promotesits development;(4)Whether fog liquid water content exchange coefficient equals momentum exchangecoefficient has no influence on the numerical results.In addition,wind,temperature,exchange coefficient,and net radiative flux before and after the formation of radiation fog,are also studied.     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN MONSOON SYSTEMS IN SUMMER AND THE CONTINUOUS HEAVY RAIN OVER THE UPPER REACHES OF CHANGJIANG RIVER

In this paper,the continuous heavy rains over the upper reaches of Changjiang River during June—Augustare analyzed.They are closely related to the Indian monsoon systems.The average synoptic situationsand the average distributions of some meteorological elements over the Bay of Bengal during the period ofheavy rains are presented.The correlation coefficients between meteorological elements and rainfall arecalculated and the main monsoon influence systems and the key regions are denoted.Results can be usedas a reference in the 24 h forecast of rainfall.     

钻孔走向偏斜的初步探讨

在急倾斜构造部位大力使用硬合金回转钻进时,常常会产生弯曲度很大的走向偏斜情况。这是因为不同岩层的阻力差异使钻头受到一种平行于岩层走向的偏斜力,迫使钻头向侧方研磨井壁;在不同井径变换部位所产生的偏斜效果是不同的。这样造成钻孔沿地层走向发生有规律的定向偏斜。     

大别山北麓佛子岭群的特征及其形成的大地构造环境

佛子岭群主要由一套绿片岩相的变质岩组成,分布在安徽境内的大别山北麓。其上部为一套变质的复理石建造,下部为变质的火山-沉积岩建造。佛子岭群的变质火山岩的岩石化学特征及佛子岭群的岩石组合特征表明,佛子岭群是发育在一断陷盆地中,该断陷盆地可能在晚元古代早期开始拉张,在晚元古代末期闭合。在此期间,郯-庐断裂带在华北断块和大别山古老断块之间的拉张与闭合过程中可能起着类似于转换断层的作用。     

北京密云平顶山铬铁矿床深源成因机制的研究

密云平顶山含铬铁矿超镁铁岩体是残留上地幔岩进一步熔融的方辉橄榄岩岩浆两次沿深断裂侵入于前寒武系黑云斜长片麻岩层间成岩。对称结晶分异作用,使铬铁矿呈浸染状沿着岩体中心相早期形成的致密状矿石,对称聚合富集成矿。     

Intensity attenuation based on earthquake fault-rupture model

Based on the statistical outcomes relevant to elliptical isoseisms given in ref. [1], the average focal depth and rupture length of fault for earthquakes with different magnitudes or epicentral intensities occurring in East and West China are discussed. A set of intensity attenuation functions appropriated to point source (regarding focal distance as the distance parameter in the attenuation law) and the line source (regarding the shortest distance from the site to rupture line or the average distance from the site to both ends of the rupture line as the distance parameter) are proposed.     

Isostatic status in North China (1) Method and local compensation

Following Airy and Pratt principles, five kinds of local-compensation models are analysed and a rapid 3-D gravity formula is utilized to calculate isostatic anomalies for 66 models with different parameters. It is noted that isostatic gravity maps appear nearly identical in their main patterns and features. The optimum compensation model in North China is one of modified Airy models in which the different density distribution in the surface, upper crust and lower crust is taken into account and the standard crustal thickness is about 50km. The position of the complete compensation interface is located in the upper mantle. The North China platform as a whole is under sub-isostatic equilibrium status with an isostatic anomaly of about 18·10⁻⁵ m/s² on an average. The distribution of isostatic gravity anomaly shows an obvious blockwise pattern. Most positive anomaly areas occur over the eastern part, the Jiao-Liao Block, Mt. Yan block and northern margin of the Hebei-Shandong block, whereas a negative area occurs in the Shanxi graben. The comparison of models indicates that the Moho discontinuity is not suitable to be taken as a compensation interface, and the compensation effects in Airy model are better than that in Pratt model, which is consistent with the feature of dominant layered structure and less lateral inhomogeneity in crust. Some results about composite compensation, the basic characteristics of isostatic anomaly and deep stucture will be published later in the second part of this paper. Wang Bowen took part in some work in this paper.     

山东招掖金矿带稀土元素地球化学特征初步研究

本文提出了解决本区某些地质问题的新信息。认为不同地质体具有大体相似的稀土元素配分模型,成岩成矿关系密切,具有继承性演化特点。各类花岗质岩石由胶东群变质岩经混合岩化作用形成。成矿热液富含[CO_3]~(2-)或[HCO_3]~-,金在黄铁矿和石英中富集,与∑REE、LREE的含量及∑Ce/∑Y、Ce/Yb、La/Yb比值呈正相关。上述参数可用作该类金矿床矿化富集规模和强度的评价标志。