应力降研究进展综述

本文介绍了国内外关于应力降研究及应用的一些进展。对应力降定义及计算方法进行简要介绍,对地震应力降整体特征、应力降与地震大小、应力降与构造环境、应力降与序列类型等之间的关系进行简要综述,重点讨论了应力降在震后趋势判定中的可能应用,并对应力降计算结果的不确定性进行了初步讨论。应力降表征地震错动导致的位错面上的应力变化,其定义为地震前后初始应力σ_0与终止应力σ_1之差。地震应力降数值大多为零点几兆帕至数十兆帕,以10MPa以下的居多。应力降与震级、震源深度、构造环境、震源机制、序列类型等之间的关系复杂,对此,也存在诸多不同的认识。消除震级影响之后,地震序列应力降随时间持续升高的现象,对后续强余震有一定的时间指示意义。值得注意的是,诸多因素均会影响应力降的计算结果,数值实验结果显示,拐角频率、零频极限的综合误差对应力降计算结果影响显著,二者不确定性造成的应力降计算误差几乎完全覆盖余震应力降随时间的变化。     

基于震例类比的震后趋势早期判定技术系统建设

针对目前震后趋势早期判定中存在的基础知识库匮乏、产出规范化不足等问题,整理、完善、充实了震后趋势背景知识库,集成专家经验形成基于震例类比的震后趋势早期判定规则,并利用信息模板智能筛选技术,建立了震后趋势早期判定技术系统,实现了震情自动触发的地震基本概况（构造背景信息）、历史地震活动（震源机制、序列类型统计）、震后趋势研判意见等相关图件、文字、PPT报告的自动撰写与权限控制下的多平台推送。系统试运行8个月中,90%以上的震例产品在5min内产出;约80%的震例自动判定结果与人工研判结果基本吻合,震级差小于0.5;系统自动判定结果与地震实况的吻合度优于人工研判结果。试运行结果证明该系统在中国地震台网中心震后趋势快速研判中发挥了重要作用。     

山东省第四纪地质研究新进展

近年来山东省第四纪岩石地层划分对比取得了新进展,更新世中—晚期形成的厚层黄土堆积,分别划为羊栏河组和大站组;全新世早期发育有古湖沼沉积,划为黑土湖组。在探讨岩石地层单位的时代归属、穿时现象及第四纪地质发展史等方面,也获得了新的认识。     

Characteristics of Strain Release before Large Earthquakes of M≥7. 0 in the Chinese Mainland

The enumerating algorithm has been introduced into the fitting procedure of the ASR model. Based on the detailed study of 21 large earthquakes with M≥6. 8 in the Chinese Mainland,the statistical features of seismic strain release before large earthquakes have been summarized. In the mass,the strain release models can be divided into five types. The first is the DA model,in which the strain release accelerates in broader areas and decelerates in small areas around the epicenter. Approximately 38% of earthquake samples are of this type. The second is the AD model,in which the strain release decelerates in broader areas and accelerates in smaller areas around the epicenter with an occupying ratioof approximately 19%. The third is ASR,in which only accelerating strain release can be observed. Cases of this model amount to about 14%. The fourth is DSR,in which only decelerating strain release can be checked,amounting to about 24%. There is only one earthquake sample of the fifth type (LSR),which shows a linear strain release. There is a 3～6 years difference in the duration of pre-shock sequences between the accelerating and decelerating models. This means that seismic quiescence against a background of increased seismicity of small earthquakes before large earthquakes are a typical feature in general. For the DA model,the average size of critical regions for steady accelerating and decelerating strain release is about 260km to 400km and 100km to 200km,respectively,3 to 5 times and 1 to 2 times the rupture size of an earthquake of magnitude 7. 0. The AD model is the opposite of the DA model. The model parameter,m value,has good stability. The ratio of ASR is about the same for accelerating seismic strain release phenomena,no matter what the strain release models are,or how large the strain release quantity is. With regard to decelerating seismic strain release phenomena, the DA model has the most distinctive decelerating strain release characteristic and is the typical feature of seismic strain release,i. e. "decelerating in-accelerating out seismic strain model".     

台湾强震对福建水口库区的库仑应力触发研究

基于简化的水口库区断裂模型,研究了台湾地区1976年以来13次7级以上地震对福建水口水库库区NE和NW向断裂产生的库仑破裂应力。结果表明,台湾7级以上地震对水口库区NE向断裂产生库仑应力累积,而对水口库区NW向断裂的累积库伦应力作用较小,NW向断裂大多处于库伦破裂应力正、负影响区交汇部位,有的还表现为明显的抑制作用。因而,台湾7级以上地震活动对水口库区NE向断裂小震活动有促进作用,但两者之间不是简单的直接触发关系;对水口库区NW向断裂小震活动的库仑应力触发影响可以忽略。     

铝土矿分布特点、主要类型与勘查开发现状

铝土矿是金属铝的主要来源,近年来,随着经济社会快速发展和城镇化逐步推进,中国铝需求量逐年走高.文章简要概括了铝土矿的分布特点、主要类型及主要资源国的铝土矿分布情况,着重介绍了最近几年铝土矿勘查开发的新进展,以深化对铝土矿空间分布、地质特征的认识,把握铝土矿的勘查开发趋势.根据矿石成因,铝土矿主要分为红土型和岩溶型两类,...     

地震空间分布非空网格数的统计分布及地震活动增强-平静的定量检测l

以华北地区1980——2010年资料为例,以单位边长的网格覆盖研究区,考察中小地震空间分布非空网格数的变化．网格尺度足够小则非空网格数趋于该时段的地震数,网格尺度足够大则非空网格数为1．实际资料显示,当空间网格尺寸大于0.5deg;之后,对结果稳定性的影响逐渐减弱．中小地震空间分布非空网格数的变化与ldquo;背景rdquo;地震活动的空间扩展（增强）或收缩（平静）有关．不同网格尺寸条件下的非空网格数有基本一致的变化趋势,可能间接反映了区域应力的短时扰动或起伏．小地震有更高的丛集特性,随着震级下限的提高,不同网格尺寸非空网格数之间差异逐渐变小．华北地区小震活动非空网格数的频次分布符合统计正态分布,因而给定置信概率、依据正态分布密度函数可计算非空网格数的ldquo;正常rdquo;分布范围,超出此范围的数据可视为异常．统计显示,就华北地区而言,中小地震非空网格数ldquo;平静rdquo;型异常的预测效率最低,ldquo;增强rdquo;型异常具有最高的报警对应率,而同时考虑ldquo;增强rdquo;及ldquo;平静rdquo;的异常判据则具有最高的预报评分．这也意味着,华北中强地震前以ldquo;增强rdquo;型的中小地震活动异常为主．研究结果还显示,小地震时空活动格局的改变与后续中强地震似乎具有更强的统计关联特性．      

西北太平洋热带气旋频数异常与五类主要大尺度环流型的关系

利用Yoshida and Ishikawa(2013)提出的一套客观分类方法对1979-2013年夏季(5-10月)共796个热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone,TC)生成前的大尺度环流背景场进行了分型,主要包括了季风切变线型(monsoon Shear Line,SL)、季风涡旋区(monsoon Gyre...     

非线性Schrdinger方程差分格式的计算稳定性

运用判定非线性发展方程差分格式计算稳定性的Hirt启发性分析方法,对一类非线性Schrdinger方程差分格式的计算稳定性进行分析,得到了保证差分格式计算稳定的必要条件.数值试验结果进一步表明,得到的稳定性判据不仅是保证差分格式计算稳定的必要条件,而且在实际中也是非常有效的.     

NUIST ESM v3 Data Submission to CMIP6

This paper introduces the experimental designs and outputs of the Diagnostic,Evaluation and Characterization of Klima(DECK),historical,Scenario Model Intercomparison Project(MIP),and Paleoclimate MIP(PMIP)experiments from the Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Earth System Model version 3(NESM3).Results show that NESM3 reasonably simulates the modern climate and the major internal modes of climate variability.In the Scenario MIP experiment,changes in the projected surface air temperature(SAT)show robust“Northern Hemisphere(NH)warmer than Southern Hemisphere(SH)”and“land warmer than ocean”patterns,as well as an El Ni?o-like warming over the tropical Pacific.Changes in the projected precipitation exhibit“NH wetter than SH”and“eastern hemisphere gets wetter and western hemisphere gets drier”patterns over the tropics.These precipitation patterns are driven by circulation changes owing to the inhomogeneous warming patterns.Two PMIP experiments show enlarged seasonal cycles of SAT and precipitation over the NH due to the seasonal redistribution of solar radiation.Changes in the climatological mean SAT,precipitation,and ENSO amplitudes are consistent with the results from PMIP4 models.The NESM3 outputs are available on the Earth System Grid Federation nodes for data users.