Effect of Length Scale Tuning of Background Error in WRF-3DVAR System on Assimilation of High-Resolution Surface Data for Heavy Rainfall Simulation

We investigated the impact of tuning the length scale of the background error covariance in the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) three-dimensional variational assimilation(3DVAR) system.In particular,we studied the effect of this parameter on the assimilation of high-resolution surface data for heavy rainfall forecasts associated with mesoscale convective systems over the Korean Peninsula.In the assimilation of high-resolution surface data,the National Meteorological Center method tended to exaggerate the length scale that determined the shape and extent to which observed information spreads out.In this study,we used the difference between observation and background data to tune the length scale in the assimilation of high-resolution surface data.The resulting assimilation clearly showed that the analysis with the tuned length scale was able to reproduce the small-scale features of the ideal field effectively.We also investigated the effect of a double-iteration method with two different length scales,representing large and small-length scales in the WRF-3DVAR.This method reflected the large and small-scale features of observed information in the model fields.The quantitative accuracy of the precipitation forecast using this double iteration with two different length scales for heavy rainfall was high;results were in good agreement with observations in terms of the maximum rainfall amount and equitable threat scores.The improved forecast in the experiment resulted from the development of well-identified mesoscale convective systems by intensified low-level winds and their consequent convergence near the rainfall area.     

A GRAPHIC METHOD TO AID SPECIFIC DETERMINATION OF FUSULINOIDS AND SOME RESULTS OF ITS APPLICATION TO THE FUSULIN?E FROM N. CHINA.——WITH 2 PLATES AND 20 TEXT-FIGURES.

本篇分为三节:第一节论研究(竹廷)蜗之方法及其各部分之名称;并猎取古生物学家迄今历史之结果而加以批评。第二节专述中国北部已发见之(竹廷)蜗。第三节讨论本篇所述各种(竹廷)蜗生存之时代及其棲息流徙之情形。     

THE FUNDAMENTAL CAUSE OF EVOLUTION OF THE EARTH''S SURFACE FEATURES

In the days when the uniformitarians triumphantly fought against the catastrophists, it was apparently thought by the leaders of the rising school that the ebb and flow of the oceanic water had been going on indefinitely all over the surface of our planet for an untold length of time. Beyond this, little was then     

GLASSIFIOATION AND CORRELATION OF PALAEOZOIC COAL-BEARING FORMATIONS IN NORTH OHINA

During his epoch-making exploration in China, von Richthofen~1 divided the Palaeozoic coal-bearing series in Shansi into 3 subdivisions:     

The Strain Ellipsoid and Shear Planes in Rocks

正 In discussing the origin and trend of certain types of fault,joint,cleavageand other fractures,and in petrofabric analysis it has been a common practicesince the time of G.F.Becker[1],to refer to the so-called strain-ellipsoid.But it is questionable whether those references are always made with a     

中东亚地区表土碳酸盐含量和pH值的空间变化及其气候代用指标意义

黄土-古土壤以及湖泊沉积物的碳酸盐含量作为常用的气候指标,被人们广泛地应用于干旱、半干旱地区的古气候研究,然而碳酸盐含量的气候意义却缺乏足够的验证.中东亚干旱、半干旱区覆盖我国西北部和蒙古国全境,区域内温度和降水等具有显著的空间分布特征,这为验证包括碳酸盐矿物含量在内的地球化学代用指标的气候意义提供了理想的研究场所.为此,选取了一条横跨该区不同气候带的采样线,对采样线上表土碳酸盐含量、pH值以及气象站的记录资料行了分析和对比.研究发现:(1)表土碳酸盐含量的分布特征沿着纬度呈现出南高北低的总体趋势,在北纬34.50°～42.50°的广大黄土、类黄土地区,碳酸盐含量较高,而北纬42.5°以北地区碳酸盐含量则相对较少,局部地区由于土壤母质为碳酸盐岩而具有较高的碳酸盐含量;(2)表土碳酸盐含量与pH值的非线性拟合特征反映出土壤碳酸盐矿物含量与pH值之间的化学平衡,两者在0.01水平上呈显著的正相关关系(r=0.51).酸性土壤地区的碳酸盐体系难处于饱和状态,碳酸盐易于淋失含量低,此时,碳酸盐矿物含量不宜作为气候指标,而碱性土壤地区的碳酸盐矿物含量变化与气候变化关系密切;(3)高温、干燥的气候环境使降水被迅速蒸发,加剧了碳酸盐类物质的表聚作用,使黄土、类黄土地区表土碳酸盐含量与降水量、温度都呈现出了一定的正相关关系;(4)黄土、类黄土地区表土pH值与多年平均降水量关系密切(PH>7,R2=0.90),可以作为我国黄土高原地区过去大气降水量变化的代用指标.     

澳大利亚南极科学数据管理综述

系统概述了澳大利亚国家南极数据政策、组织机构、管理模式、实施策略与未来发展所面临的问题。在此基础上分析澳大利亚南极数据工作的发展与实效,并回顾了中国的极地数据管理工作,初步表明建立一个有效的组织框架是顺利开展数据管理与共享工作的基础,完全基于Web的数据管理与服务对科学项目的管理与研究成果的产出具有较大的促进作用。同时可以看出,国家层面的数据管理工作首先必须有明确的国家数据政策作引导;需要建立各种相应的数据标准与规范以及基于Web的数据管理、共享与服务平台;当然更离不开一支进行数据管理、服务与技术支持的专业队伍,并通过工作绩效评价系统对各个环节进行评价和考核。其中,为数据（集）编写完整、准确的元数据始终是数据管理中最重要的基础工作。     

西藏高原对其北方环流系统的影响

本文应用1956年6月到1957年5月一年内逐日亚欧500mb 天气图,计算历次高低压系统经过西藏高原以北时在强度和速度方面的改变,证明这些改变是有规则的,在地域上和季节上皆表现出独特性。