陕西地区小微震震源机制研究

小微震事件的震源机制是区域应力场及诸多地球动力学研究的基础资料。陕西地区为多个地震带的交汇区,近些年积累了丰富的小微震波形资料。运用新近发展的适用于求解小微震震源机制的广义极性振幅技术(GPAT),结合陕西2015地壳速度模型,求解陕西测震台网2011年4月至2015年12月间记录的121次ML1.5~3.5事件的震源机制。反演结果表明:(1)以上事件的震源机制大部分为走滑及正断类型,其比例占64.5%;逆断型机制占22.3%。(2)反演震源机制得到的震源深度与定位深度具有良好的一致性;矩震级与近震震级间存在差别,且这种差别随事件的变小而增大。(3)对比渭河断陷带相关研究成果,验证了该区域震源机制以正断型为主,具有拉张应力状态。     

辽宁省地震重点监视防御区典型村镇房屋抗震现状调查与分析

为了解辽宁省地震重点监视防御区典型村镇房屋抗震能力现状,通过现场调查的方式对辽阳、锦州和盘锦等地的村镇民居进行了随机抽样调查,并从场地选择、地基基础、建筑材料、构件的连接及抗震构造措施等方面对其抗震性能进行了分析。总体上看:房屋抗震能力不足的比例占85%左右,主要体现在抗震构造措施缺失及构件连接问题上。在此基础上对提高村镇房屋抗震性能提出了一些对策和建议,为辽宁省农村防震减灾工作提供参考。     

基于小波变换与神经网络的石羊河流域夏季地温预测模型研究

地温变化在气候反馈效应中起着重要作用, 理解地温及其与影响因素之间的时空关系对预测全球温度变化至关重要。利用1998 - 2017年石羊河流域的逐日常规气象观测资料, 采用小波分析结合BP（Back Propagation）神经网络构建了石羊河流域夏季地温预报模型, 结果表明： 日平均地温预测效果在不同站点均为最佳, 其中预测值和观测值的相关系数均大于0.87, 3 ℃以内的预测概率均大于84%。其中, 民勤地区地温预测效果最好, 预测值和观测值的相关系数达到0.91, 3 ℃以内的预测概率达到86%。日最高地温的预测值与观测值的相关系数高于0.8, 但误差平方和、 标准差较大。永昌地区日最高地温的模拟效果最好, 3 ℃以内的预测概率达到83%。日最低地温的预测与观测值的平均相关系数高于0.66, 3 ℃以内的预报概率高于83%, 但预测值略低。其中, 武威地区日最低地温的预测效果最好, 预测值与观测值的相关系数为0.72, 3 ℃以内的预测概率达到94%。研究成果可为有效弥补干旱、 半干旱区地温观测资料缺失和探讨其与局地气候的关系提供一些参考。     

高压旋喷桩单桩承载力分析

高压喷射注浆于1968年首创于日本。我国于20世纪70年代初相继引进并开始研究高压喷射注浆技术。目前,高压旋喷工艺应用最为广泛,工艺技术最为成熟。对旋喷桩成桩质量及单桩承载力进行研究分析,为旋喷桩在地基与基础工程、水利水电工程、止水、加固工程中的应用提供设计参考依据。该试验在陕西省延安市某建成小区内选三个试验点,按不同旋喷桩施工工艺成桩,通过对桩身完整性检测、单桩承载力试验,分析旋喷桩成桩质量及单桩承载力。     

曲阜近山前地区地热地质条件浅析

曲阜市近山前地区基底地层是理想的热介质,区域主控断裂对地温场起明显控制作用,含水岩组和地下水运动为地热提供了理想载体。以岩石导热特征,可将曲阜地区地层分为2 大类:即热基底地层和热盖层地层。前者热导率为25.41×10-3~36.30×10-3T/cm·s·℃;后者为18.92×10-3~23.99×10-3 T/cm·s·℃。地热资源赋存于受断裂构造控制的槽形地带内,属典型的构造—盆地增温型。     

川北硅质岩型铼多金属矿铼的赋存状态

川北硅质岩型铼多金属矿是国内首次发现的铼矿床新类型,矿石中具有Re、Se、V、Mo等多种有价元素富集,综合利用价值较好.本次通过X射线荧光光谱分析(XRF)、X射线衍射(XRD)、能谱分析(EDS)、电子探针(EPMA)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等多种手段开展矿石工艺矿物学及铼的赋存状态研究.结果 表明,矿石中主要矿物包括石英、伊利石、黄铁矿等,并含有大量碳质,Re、Se富集与S紧密相关,V富集与Si、A1紧密相关.黄铁矿电子探针分析结果显示,测点含硒平均值0.021％、铼含量平均值为0.024％,表明铼、硒主要以类质同象形态赋存于黄铁矿中.钒主要赋存于含钒伊利石等黏土矿物中.     

物探方法在预防路面塌陷中的应用

城市地下空间的开发利用不可避免地在基础设施建设中造成土体流失或土层沉降,形成的地下“病害体”易导致城市道路塌陷的发生。文章以滁州琅琊大道为例,采用地质雷达法和浅层地震勘探法对城市老城区排水管网周边进行探测。结果表明:①在探测深度不超过7.0 m范围内,地质雷达法可以满足探测要求;②在场地条件复杂、干扰较多的情况下,需辅以浅层地震勘探法。利用上述方法,可以更准确地查明地下“病害体”的位置,防止了路面塌陷的发生。     

青藏高原热融湖塘的水热过程及其对下伏多年冻土的热影响

以青藏高原查拉坪地区一处热融湖塘(40 m×50 m,最大深度为1 m)为研究对象,由实测数据对比分析了热融湖塘与天然地表相同深度的温度变化特征.结果表明:与天然地表相比,热融湖塘融化时间长,冻结时间短,且存在接近4℃的水温变化;受太阳辐射及热对流的影响,垂向水温梯度仅在水表从4℃降温及冻结阶段较大,其余时段接近0;湖底年均温度比相同深度的天然地表高约6.4℃,湖底下部存在约14 m深随时间发展的融区,土体吸热增大,放热减小;热融湖塘2.5~3.0 m土体的年内热交换为19592.0 k J/m2,约是天然地表的230倍,其中吸热量及放热量分别为后者的1.4倍及8.7%.湖塘下部的融化夹层是深层冻土的主要热源,湖塘对下部土体放热的抑制作用是湖塘对土体产生热影响的主要原因.     

Partition-coordinated control of soil and water loss for chestnut forests in the Yanshan Mountain Region,China

Soil erosion from chestnut forests is one of the most important factors causing land degradation in the Yanshan Mountain Region. A 2-year field study was done to compare the effects on erosion of a control plot(CP), a repaired and maintained horizontal ditch built with an engineering baffle every 6 m(MP 1),and a repaired and maintained horizontal ditch built with an engineering baffle every 8 m(MP 2). The results showed that the slope runoff of chestnut forests was influenced by rainfall characteristic factors.No single rainfall characteristic factor showed dominance for hill slope runoff. The runoff reduction effect of the partition-coordinated erosion control measures(MP 1 and MP 2) was substantial for chestnut forests under high rainfall intensity conditions. However, the runoff reduction efficiency was higher under the conditions of heavy rainfall and low average rainfall intensity than for storms with higher intensity and lower total rainfall. The reduction effect of the partition-coordinated erosion control measures on the runoff and sediment yield of chestnut forest slopes was MP 2 > MP 1 > CP. The runoff reduction rate and erosion reduction rate of MP 2 reached 61.70% and 97.41%, respectively, and that for MP 1 was 54.15% and 85.31%, respectively. Therefore, after a comprehensive comparison, MP 2 was determined to be more effective for soil erosion control for a sloping chestnut forest.     

Evolution of permafrost in China during the last 20 ka

The formation and evolution of permafrost in China during the last 20 ka were reconstructed on the basis of large amount of paleo-permafrost remains and paleo-periglacial evidence, as well as paleo-glacial landforms, paleo-flora and paleofauna records. The results indicate that, during the local Last Glacial Maximum(LLGM) or local Last Permafrost Maximum(LLPMax), the extent of permafrost of China reached 5.3×106-5.4×106 km2, or thrice that of today, but permafrost shrank to only0.80×106-0.85×106 km2, or 50% that of present, during the local Holocene Megathermal Period(LHMP), or the local Last Permafrost Minimum(LLPMin). On the basis of the dating of periglacial remains and their distributive features, the extent of permafrost in China was delineated for the two periods of LLGM(LLPMax) and LHMP(LLPMin), and the evolution of permafrost in China was divided into seven periods as follows:(1) LLGM in Late Pleistocene(ca. 20000 to 13000-10800 a BP)with extensive evidence for the presence of intensive ice-wedge expansion for outlining its LLPMax extent;(2) A period of dramatically changing climate during the early Holocene(10800 to 8500-7000 a BP) when permafrost remained relatively stable but with a general trend of shrinking areal extent;(3) The LHMP in the Mid-Holocene(8500-7000 to 4000-3000 a BP)when permafrost degraded intensively and extensively, and shrank to the LLPMin;(4) Neoglaciation during the late Holocene(4000-3000 to 1000 a BP, when permafrost again expanded;(5) Medieval Warming Period(MWP) in the late Holocene(1000-500 a BP) when permafrost was in a relative decline;(6) Little Ice Age(LIA) in the late Holocene(500-100 a BP), when permafrost relatively expanded, and;(7) Recent warming(during the 20 th century), when permafrost continuously degraded and still is degrading. The paleo-climate, geography and paleopermafrost extents and other features were reconstructed for each of these seven periods.