麻类作物植硅体形态研究

大麻在中国被称为“五谷”之一,可纤用、油用、药用以及用于宗教活动等,在社会生活中发挥着重要的作用。由于早期大麻果实易腐烂灰化、不易保存,因此建立大麻的植硅体鉴定标准,对揭示其起源、驯化和传播过程具有重要意义。本研究对大麻(Cannabis sativa L.)、红麻(大麻槿)(Hibiscus cannabinus L.)、黄麻(Corchorus capsularis L.)、青麻(苘麻)(Abutilon theophrasti Medicus)、亚麻(Linum usitatissimum L.)、苎麻(Boehmeria nivea (L.)Gaudich.)等6种麻类作物的果实或种子进行了系统的植硅体形态研究,探寻具有鉴定意义的特征植硅体类型,为研究其起源、驯化和传播提供新的方法。将每份样品解剖出不同的部位,采用湿式灰化法对每个部位分别进行植硅体提取,并在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下分别进行观察分析。结果表明,发育植硅体的部位有：大麻的苞片和果皮、苎麻的果被和果皮、黄麻种皮以及青麻种皮,未见植硅体的部位有：红麻和亚麻的种子。仅有大麻果皮中存在典型形态特征的植硅体,如不规则多边疣粒板型(单体或聚合形态)、不规则多边平滑板型(单体或聚合形态)、双层嵌套板型。分析表明,大麻的不规则多边板型(包括不规则多边疣粒板型及不规则多边平滑板型)植硅体形态大小稳定,种内差异较小,且与木本植物、草本植物中形态类似的植硅体区别明显。综上,不规则多边板型植硅体为大麻特有的植硅体类型,可用于鉴定大麻的种属。其中,不规则多边疣粒板型植硅体形态特征更明显且产量更丰富,平均1g大麻果实的不规则多边疣粒板型植硅体产量可达10.2±0.4×10⁶粒,可作为鉴定大麻种属的主要特征植硅体,其主要特征为：1)单体为边缘棱角分明、正面具若干小型疣状突起、背面具0~3个大小相近的乳突的多裂片式不规则多边形板状结构,长度为15.4±2.3μm,宽度为10.8±1.7μm,厚度为6.2±1.0μm;2)由若干形态相同、大小相近的单体通过边缘裂片间隙拼合为片状平面拼图结构;3)与不规则多边平滑板型植硅体(长度为27.9±4.5μm,宽度为18.6±3.1μm,厚度为10.0±1.4μm)形成双层嵌套结构。进一步分析表明,大麻不同品种间不规则多边疣粒板型植硅体在形态大小上细微的差异与品种间果实形态大小差异以及气候条件无直接关系,推测其形态的种内差异可能是受局地土壤环境影响所致。

     

福建省尤溪峰岩铅锌银资源潜力及找矿方向探讨

福建尤溪峰岩铅锌银矿床产于龙北溪组(Pt2-3l)绿片岩中,成矿构造环境为大陆古裂谷,矿床成因类型属块状硫化物矿床。通过一年多的资源调查评价(地质大调查项目)工作,地质找矿取得了重大进展,已控制的铅锌银资源量均达大型规模,预测该区具有寻找超大型矿床的潜力。该矿床的解剖对于福建北部、西部及相邻的浙江南部寻找同类型矿床具有指导意义。     

Fifteen Years of Ocean Observations with China Argo

For 15 years since the beginning of China Argo project, China has deployed over 350 profiling floats in Pacific and Indian ocean, and constructed China Argo ocean observing network. Moreover, we have setup the Argo data receiving, processing and distributing system, and developed various Argo data products using Argo observations, which has promoted the progress of ocean data sharing in China. The abundant Argo data have become a main data source in oceanic and atmospheric basic researches and operational applications. A batch of important achievements in basic research and operational application have been brought, e.g. in aspects of tropical cyclone (typhoon), ocean circulation, meso-scale eddy, turbulence, heat/salt storage and transport and water mass, as well as in ocean, atmosphere/climate operational forecasting and predicting. With the extension of the international Argo program from “Core Argo” to “Global Argo”, we are faced with great challenges in the long-term maintaining and sustained developing of our Argo ocean observing network. It is suggested that we should take the opportunity to construct China regional Argo ocean observing network as soon as possible in adjacent northwestern Pacific and Indian ocean using Chinese BeiDou profiling floats, which will make us to take responsibility and obligation of a big country for addressing global climate changes and preventing natural disasters.     

The Quantitative Assessment System for Brine Resource Industry Based on Sustainable Development Theory:a Case Study on Xitai-Jinaier Lake,Qinghai,China

正Salt lake resource is one of preponderant and strategic mineral resources in China.Some important chemical elements contained in brine are highly significant to both agriculture security and national security.Given the     

High‐ and low‐Cr chromitite in a Tibetan Ophiolite: Evolution from Mature Subduction System to Incipient Forearc in the Neo‐Tethyan Ocean

The microstructures, major‐ and trace‐element compositions of minerals and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) maps of high‐ and low‐Cr# [spinel Cr# = Cr³⁺/(Cr³⁺+Al³⁺)] chromitites and dunites from the Zedang ophiolite in the Yarlung Zangbo Suture (South Tibet) have been used to reveal their genesis and the related geodynamic processes in the Neo‐Tethyan Ocean. The high‐Cr# (0.77‐0.80) chromitites (with or without diopside exsolution) have chromite compositions consistent with initial crystallization by interaction between boninitic magmas, harzburgite and reaction‐produced magmas in a shallow, mature mantle wedge. Some high‐Cr# chromitites show crystal‐plastic deformation and grain growth on previous chromite relics that have exsolved needles of diopside. These features are similar to those of the Luobusa high‐Cr# chromitites, possibly recycled from the deep upper mantle in a mature subduction system. In contrast, mineralogical, chemical and EBSD features of the Zedang low‐Cr# (0.49‐0.67) chromitites and dunites and the silicate inclusions in chromite indicate that they formed by rapid interaction between forearc basaltic magmas (MORB‐like but with rare subduction input) and the Zedang harzburgites in a dynamically extended, incipient forearc lithosphere. The evidence implies that the high‐Cr# chromitites were produced or emplaced in an earlier mature arc (possibly Jurassic), while the low‐Cr# associations formed in an incipient forearc during the initiation of a new episode of Neo‐Tethyan subduction at ～130‐120 Ma. This two‐episode subduction model can provide a new explanation for the coexistence of high‐ and low‐Cr# chromitites in the same volume of ophiolitic mantle.     

粟类作物稃片植硅体形态研究回顾与展望

中国是粟、黍的起源地,但受植物遗存保存状况及研究方法的限制,对粟类旱作农业起源与驯化的时间、地点、种类、过程等的认识仍然存在不同观点。植硅体分析为准确鉴定粟、黍及其野生祖本和亲缘物种提供了新的途径。本文总结了近几年来针对粟、黍种子稃片植硅体研究取得的新进展,获得以下认识：1）进一步明确了稃片表皮长细胞植硅体的形态特征、大小、数量是鉴定考古文化堆积中粟、黍及其野生祖本和亲缘野生物种的可靠指标;2）通过对比我国北方常见的狗尾草属稃片植硅体,发现了ΩⅢ型仅发育于粟和青狗尾草的稃片中部,且其大小与狗尾草属野生植物差异显著;3）分析和说明了稃片植硅体鉴定流程和方法、重点强调了稃片Ω/η类型的鉴定特征和应用范围,以及植硅体统计量等关键问题;4）讨论了粟类稃片植硅体产量与农作物产量的关系以及植硅体埋藏学问题,最后对深化粟类植硅体形态学研究提出了初步建议。希望通过本文的总结与讨论,能够使植硅体分析方法在粟类作物起源和传播的研究中得到更准确、更广泛的应用。

     

粉煤灰土壤及所产蔬菜的有害元素含量变化和环境意义

利用南京第二热电厂湿排的粉煤灰,进行了改良蔬菜土壤的试验,并对试验用的粉煤灰、不同施灰量的土壤及所产蔬菜共３８ 个样品的有害元素和放射性元素含量进行了系统的测定。结果表明：这些元素在土壤中的含量与粉煤灰施用量无明显相关性;在本次试验范围内施用粉煤灰没有造成土壤的污染;其所产蔬菜的这些元素含量也均低于国家卫生标准限值,食用是安全的。     

铝硅酸盐矿物和玻璃中Al的配位与局部结构

利用同步辐射的AlK边X射线吸收近进结构（XANES）谱研究了刚玉和铝硅酸盐矿物（蓝晶石,红柱石,夕线石和钠长石）中Al的配位与局部结构,证明该方法可以作为新的结构探针研究结构未知体系中Al的配位与局部结构。例如,Al的K边XANES谱证明在室温压条件,钠长石玻璃中的Al保持为四面体配位（AlIV）,局部结构与钠长石晶体中的Al相似;尽管硬玉晶体中的Al为八面体配位,但硬玉玻璃中的Al变为四面体配位（AlIV）。而在相同的高温压条件（4．4GPa,1575C）下制备的硬玉-钠长石玻璃系列中,压力引起四面体配位的Al变成五次（Alv）和六次配位（AlVl）,且五次和六次配位Al的比例随玻璃中硬玉含量的增加而增大。