人工增雨防雹火箭弹道跟踪系统的研制及初步试验

由于受到高空风场的影响,人工增雨防雹火箭真实的弹道轨迹和射程与理论弹道值具有不一致性。为增强实施增雨防雹作业的科学性、精准性及其作业效果评估准确性,研制了一套人工增雨防雹火箭播撒作业跟踪系统。该系统分为火箭定位系统和数据传输系统两部分,利用卫星定位模块加上数据传输电台模式将火箭飞行轨迹实时传输至地面。并开展了一次人工增雨防雹火箭弹道跟踪实弹发射试验,发射两发人工增雨防雹测试火箭,除初始阶段4～5 s卫星定位失锁而没有数据外,其余时间所有数据均接收完整。结合高空风场数据对人工增雨防雹测试火箭进行风偏修正后的实际弹道更接近于理论弹道,风偏修正意义明显,有利于增雨防雹火箭精准作业。     

湘西北地区强冰雹的多普勒天气雷达旁瓣回波统计分析

为准确应用旁瓣回波作强冰雹预警,对湘西北地区5次强冰雹过程中9个风暴单体被观测到的159次旁瓣回波样本进行统计分析,并系统总结旁瓣回波的雷达产品图像特征和探讨影响旁瓣回波观测的主要原因,深入研究旁瓣回波随强度与空间的分布特征。结果表明:⑴产生旁瓣回波的风暴核最小反射率因子强度为60 d Bz,其强度是能否产生旁瓣回波的决定因素,强度越强,越易产生旁瓣回波且特征越明显,旁瓣回波的面积与60 dBz以上的风暴核面积和强度成正比,旁瓣回波中心强度、最大值强度与相应的风暴核最大值强度相关性分别可达0.86和0.92。(2)旁瓣回波在高度4 km左右、仰角3.4°、距离75 km左右出现频次达到峰值,风暴核回波强度的垂直分布特点是造成这种分布特征的主要影响因素。(3)旁瓣回波在270°—360°方位区间出现频次最多,具有明显的方位分布特点,强风暴单体的生成源地及其路径决定旁瓣回波的方位分布。(4)旁瓣回波分布在风暴核切向方向梯度大值区一侧,另一侧由于存在真实回波,导致旁瓣回波特征被真实回波覆盖而不易被观测到。(5)旁瓣回波特征可以作为S波段天气雷达强冰雹预报预警的充分条件。     

中央气象台决策气象服务智能移动终端的设计与实现

中央气象台决策气象服务智能移动终端(简称为“决策服务App”)是在发展智慧气象的大背景下,针对桌面应用、网站等传统天气预报业务系统存在时效性、移动性不足的问题,利用最新的移动互联技术,面向决策服务领导和一线决策服务人员设计研发的手机应用程序。在研发过程中实现了基于WebGIS和OpenGL ES技术的渲染引擎、基于大数据分析技术的用户行为统计,以及高安全性等多项关键技术。在此基础上实现了包括基于精细化智能网格的城市天气预报、决策服务产品、实况监测及其统计查询,以及预警预报在内的主要功能。决策服务App在日常天气预报业务、国家重大会议与活动,以及特大灾害的气象保障服务中提升了中央气象台和各级台站的精细化分析和决策服务水平。     

Association of Indian Ocean ITCZ Variations with the Arctic Oscillation during Boreal Winter

In this study,the authors analyzed the associations between the Arctic Oscillation(AO)and the tropical Indian Ocean(TIO)intertropical convergence zone(ITCZ)in boreal winter for the period 1979–2009.A statistically significant AO-TIO ITCZ linkage was found.The ITCZ vertical air motion is significantly associated with the AO,with upward(downward)air motion corresponding to the positive(negative)AO phase.The Arabian Sea anticyclone plays a crucial role in linking the AO and the TIO ITCZ.The Arabian Sea vorticity is strongly linked to high-latitude disturbances in conjunction with jet stream waveguide effects of disturbance trapping and energy dispersion.During positive(negative)AO years,the Arabian Sea anticyclone tends to be stronger(weaker).The mean vorticity over the Arabian Sea,averaged from 850hPa to 200 hPa,has a significant negative correlation with AO(r=0.63).The anomalous anticyclone over the Arabian Sea brings stronger northeastern winds,which enhance the ITCZ after crossing the equator and result in greater-than-normal precipitation and minimum outgoing long-wave radiation.     

Observations and Modeling of Ice Water Content in a Mixed-Phase Cloud System

The ice water content(IWC) distribution in a mixed-phase cloud system was investigated using Cloud-Sat data,aircraft measurements,and the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model.Simulated precipitation and IWC were in general agreement with rain gauge,sat-ellite,and aircraft observations.The cloud case was char-acterized by a predominant cold layer and high IWC throughout the cloud-development and precipitation stages.The CloudSat-retrieved products suggested that the IWC was distributed from 4.0 to 8.0 km,with the maximum values(up to 0.5 g m-3) at 5.0-6.0 km at the earlymature stage of cloud development.High IWC(up to 0.8 g m-3) was also detected by airborne probes at 4.2 and 3.6 km at the late-mature stage.The WRF model simulation re-vealed that the predominant riming facilitated rapid ac-cumulation of high IWC at 3.0-6.0 km.     

Influence of Vertical Shear of Basic Tangential Wind on the Development and Maintenance of Typhoon

By using a linear symmetric Conditional Instability of Second Kind (CISK) model containing basic flow, we study the interactions between basic flow and mesoscale disturbances in typhoon. The result shows that in the early stage of typhoon formation, the combined action of vertical shear of basic flow at low level and CISK impels the disturbances to grow rapidly and to move toward the center of typhoon. The development of disturbances, likewise, influences on typhoon’s development and structure. Analysis of the mesoscale disturbances’ development and propagation indicates that the maximum wind region moves toward the center, wind velocity increases, and circulation features of an eye appear. Similarly, when a typhoon decays, the increase of low-level vertical wind shear facilitates the development of mesoscale disturbances. In turn, these mesoscale disturbances will provide typhoon with energy and make the typhoon intensify again. Therefore, it can be said that typhoon has the renewable or self-repair function.     

Modeling Study of the Effect of Anthropogenic Aerosols on Late Spring Drought in South China

In this study,the mechanisms underlying the decadal variability of late spring precipitation in South China are investigated by using the latest Community Earth System Model version 1 （CESM1）.We aim to unravel the effects of different climate forcing agents such as aerosols and greenhouse gases （GHGs） on the decadal variation of precipitation,based on transient experiments from pre-industry （for year 1850） to present-day （for year 2000）.Our results reveal that：（1） CESM1 can reproduce the climatological features of atmospheric circulation and precipitation for the late spring in South China; （2） only simulations including the forcing of anthropogenic aerosols can reproduce the observed decreasing trend of late spring precipitation from 1950-2000 in South China; （3） aerosols affect the decadal change of precipitation mainly by altering the large-scale atmospheric circulation,and to a less extent by increasing the lower-tropospheric stability to inhibit the convective precipitation; and （4） in comparison,other climate forcing agents such as GHGs have much smaller effects on the decadal change of spring precipitation in South China.     

对流云盐粉催化的数值模拟研究

利用三维对流云盐粉催化模式对一次对流云降水进行了盐粉催化模拟试验。模式中考虑了盐粉与云雨滴和冰相粒子间的相互作用。模拟结果显示,当采用20μm粒径的盐粉进行单次催化时,催化效果较好,地面总雨量可增加20%,催化次数的增多会导致降水的减少。霰融化成雨是雨滴增长的主要机制,霰碰并过冷云水是霰增长的主要机制,催化后霰融化成雨和霰碰并过冷云水的速率均有提高。催化会引起水成物云滴、冰晶、霰和雨滴的比质量变化。霰和云滴的粒径也在催化后出现了明显的增大。催化后短时间内动力过程出现了变化。     

基于信息扩散理论的甘肃省农业旱灾风险分析

干旱灾害是甘肃省最严重的自然灾害。以甘肃省1990～2010年的干旱受灾面积和播种面积的统计数据为基础,采用基于信息扩散理论的模糊数学方法,建立甘肃省农业旱灾风险分析模型,对甘肃省农业旱灾进行分析。结果表明,甘肃省旱灾受灾指数在22%时的旱灾受灾概率最大,超过80%的旱灾受灾可能性就很小;旱灾风险值显示,农业旱灾受灾指数>10%～20%时的风险概率为1～1.6 a一遇,农业旱灾受灾指数>50%时的风险概率为12.2 a一遇,呈现出干旱发生周期短、发生频率高的特点,这说明甘肃省的农业旱灾出现频率高,发生周期短,灾情不容忽视。研究结果增加了对甘肃省农业旱灾的认识,对地区防灾减灾工作具有指导意义。     

“9.16”广东旱区罗定特大暴雨灾害天气成因分析

用常规天气观测资料、ncep再分析资料、卫星云图、天气雷达等资料对2009年9月16日出现在广东最少雨区之一的罗定市的强降水特大暴雨过程进行分析,结果表明:"巨爵"减弱后的低压系统移动缓慢,其与西伸的"方头"副高之间气压梯度增大,偏南急流在粤西加强和维持是形成"9.16"暴雨的最主要天气系统;边界层内持续的水汽输送和强辐合上升运动是特大暴雨产生的最主要原因;地面弱冷空气的渗透也为暴雨的产生提供了有利的条件;罗定特殊的地形对此次暴雨的形成也十分有利。卫星云图上罗定上空云系稳定少动和雷达回波上南北向的对流云带中的列车效应是这次强降水过程的显著特点。