曾文水库保护带泰山滑坡之调查与治理

崩塌与滑坡灾害之治理，首重破坏诱因了了解与破坏机制之调查。再根据调查观测所得之资料与参数，着手进行设计适当之防治对策，方能得到良好的治理成效。泰山滑坡位于台湾南部极重要之曾文水库的保护带。其边坡由陆陆续续的崩陷而逐渐演变为坍滑，甚至造成交通中断受阻。调查发现本区为属浅层滑动，滑动区平面类似酒瓶状，主要原因为长期受到雨水之漫流与渗透软化的影响，加上蚀沟之切割淘刷作用，使得边坡容易失去支撑而滑动。经施以经济有效的蚀沟控制工程兴建多座潜坝，跌水与排水设施后，发现确定提高了边坡之稳定性，地区产业因而可以持续动作，是一次相当成功的治理案例模式，但由于施工便道之开 当，遂再度诱发部份边坡的坍滑，故尔后之维护管理工作极为重要。     

海洋潮汐对重力潮汐观测的影响

本文论述了海潮对重力固体潮观测的影响,把整个褶积计算分为近洋区及远洋区两部分,其中近洋区采用格林函数进行数值积分的方法,远洋区则利用全球海潮潮高的球函数展开式。着重讨论了远洋区的实施方案,导出了必要的工作公式,并就加速远洋区级数收敛问题作了探讨。利用导得的公式,计算了M₂海洋潮波对中国境内重力观测的影响。     

1966年邢台地震的烈度异常

一、引言 1966年3月22日,河北省邢台地区东汪发生了7.2级地震,距震中80-100公里的井陉-获鹿地区,比距震中较近的栾城地区造成的地震破坏更为严重,烈度异常增高的地区如图1所示。井陉-获鹿地区的地震破坏情况,经仔细调查,有以下四个特点。     

Selected Phase Relationships in the System Al-Mn-Fe-Si-O-H: A Model for Garnet Equilibria

The bulk compositions 3FeO_x.Al₂O₃.3SiO₂ $ excess H₂O and 3MnO.Al₂O₃.3SiO₂$ excess H₂O were investigated employing conventional hydrothermaltechniques. Almandine and spessartine were synthesized and stabilityrelationships determined in terms of temperature, fluid pressure,and oxygen fugacity. Synthetic almandine has unit cell edge, a₀ = 11.528 0.001 index of refraction, N_D = 1.829 0.003. No systematic variationsof these values with respect to temperature, fluid pressure,and oxygen fugacity were observed. Spessartine, synthesizedat high temperatures, has average values of a₀ = 11.614 0.001 and N_D = 1.799 0.003. However, below about 600 C a₀ graduallyincreases to 11.635 0.001 and N_D decreases to 1.772 0.003with decreasing temperature, irrespective of fluid pressureand oxygen fugacity. These changes appear to reflect the productionof hydrospessartine below about 600 C. The stability of almandine strongly depends on the oxygen fugacity.It is stable up to the vicinity of oxygen fugacities definedby the fayalite–magnetite$quartz buffer; the low f_o2,range has not been determined, but lies at oxygen fugacitiesless than those defined by the ironquartz–fayalite buffer.The stability field of almandine$fluid is bounded by the followingP_fluid-T values. At low oxidation states, the low temperature hydrous assemblageof equivalent composition consists of quartz$iron chlorite ($magnetite)$fluidand the high temperature equivalent assemblage consists of fayalite$ironcordierite$hercynite₈₈$fluid. Where f_O2 approximates or is inexcess of that defined by the fayalite–magnetite$quartzbuffer the low temperature hydrous assemblages consist of quartz$ironchlorite$magnetite$fluid, iron chlorite$pyrophyllite$magnetite$fluid,magnetite$mullite$pyrophyllite$fluid, and hematite$mullite$pyrophyllite$fluid;the anhydrous equivalent assemblages consist of quartz$hercynite₈₈,$magnetite₈₈$fluid, quartz$mullite$magnetite$fluid, and quartz$mullite$hematite$fluid,both in order of increasing oxygen fugacity. The stability of spessartine, in contrast to that of almandine,is essentially independent of oxygen fugacity at least up tothat defined by the magnetite-hematite buffer. Spessartine isstable up to the highest temperature, 930 C, employed in thisinvestigation at P_fluid = 500 bars. However, it decomposes toa hydrous assemblage consisting of quartz$manganese chlorite$fluidat the following P_fluid-T values: 414 5 C and 3000 bars;405 5C and 2000 bars; 386 10 C and 1000 bars; 3645C and 500 bars. Garnets are rare constituents of igneous rocks; those whichdo occur are predominantly spessartine-rich, and are virtuallyconfined to felsic magmas. Garnets are absent from mafic igneousrocks because the thermal stability ranges of iron-rich membersare below the solidus. The near absence of almandine in contactmetamorphosed pelitic rocks may reflect a relatively high oxidationstate in the aureoles rather than inappropriate P-T conditions.It is argued that the compositions of pyralspite garnets inpelitic schists are subject to various physical and chemicalfactors, including f_O2. With appropriate provisions, the Mn/Feratios of garnet coexisting with chlorite and quartz might beused as a temperature indicator. The rarity of spessartine in igneous and metamorphic rocks apparentlystems from the departure of rock bulk composition from Mn-richvalues rather than from the absence of appropriate physicalconditions.     

中国地壳运动观测网络基准站应变场变化的海潮负荷信号改正问题

利用最新的卫星测高全球Csr3.0模型，中国近海海潮数据和标准地球模型负荷格林函数，采用直接褶积积分方法研究中国地壳运动观测网络基准站应变固体潮观测的海潮负荷影响。计算25个台站8个主要潮波的负荷振幅和相位，讨论几个主要台站的负荷应变花和负荷应变随时间的变化特征。     

Ion Probe Study of Silicate Inclusions from Colomera (ⅡE) Iron Meteorite: the Rare Earth Element Perspective

Coupled with a petrographical study, I carried out an ion probe study of rare earth element microdistributions in mineral phases of silicate inclusions from the Colomera ⅡE iron meteorite. Most mineral grains have homogeneous REEs, but show considerable inter-grain variations by a factor of 2 to 100. The whole rock REE abundances for Colomera, estimated by combining REE data with modal abundances, are relatively LREE-enriched with REEs of -10'CI, which suggest that Colomera silicates were highly differentiated and might represent a low degree partial melt (-10%) of a chondritic source. REE geochemistry of Colomera silicate inclusions points to an origin that involves differentiation, dynamic mixing, remelting, reduction, recrystallization, and subsequent rapid cooling near the surface of a planetary body.     

Surface deformation and gravity changes caused by dilatancy in a layered elastic-vis-coelastic half space

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蒙古-贝加尔裂谷区地壳应变场及其地球动力学涵义

蒙古-贝加尔地区是现今构造最活跃的大陆地区之一,其地壳构造运动及变形对我们理解大陆动力学问题具有重要的科学意义.基于融合的这一区域的GPS速度场,本文计算了该区应变率场和应变能变化率场.结果显示,蒙古褶皱带以南区域表现为NNE-SSW方向的压缩状态,主压应变率约为-2.0×10^-9/a,剪应变及面膨胀均较弱,表明蒙古褶皱带比较稳定.贝加尔裂谷整体处于拉张状态且伴有较强的剪应变和面膨胀,暗示可能有多种机制控制裂谷的张裂过程.蒙古高原西部有两条高应变率的构造带,结合深部存在地幔热柱等证据,我们认为这两条构造带及所围限的区域共同构成Amurian板块的西部边界—一条弥散变形的边界带.蒙古-贝加尔地区剪应变分布与0~40 km的地震活动性基本一致,表明该地区形变在地壳尺度耦合程度较高.地幔对流拖曳力场与主应变轴方向及应变率场的一致性表明,地幔对流可能是蒙古—贝加尔地区区域构造动力学过程主要控制因素之一.     

地幔岩石圈热结构差异与中国大陆岩石圈均衡分析

观测表明,大陆地区存在很多传统均衡模型无法解释的现象,其根本原因在于传统均衡理论中没有考虑地幔岩石圈部分由于热结构差异导致密度差异的影响.本文基于岩石圈尺度的质量平衡模型研究了中国大陆20个构造单元地壳及地幔岩石圈对地形海拔的贡献,以及各块体的均衡状态.计算结果表明,在一些地区,如塔里木盆地、北山和柴达木盆地,尽管岩石圈均衡模型和Airy模型得到了一致的海拔值,但岩石圈均衡模型更能体现均衡过程的物理本质;除青藏高原造山带外的多数块体,岩石圈均衡模型的计算结果更接近观测海拔和地表垂直运动状态;总体上,考虑地幔岩石圈热结构影响后,中国大陆各地区的均衡结果普遍优于传统的均衡模型.通过对均衡状态分析,我们得到以下主要结论：(1)构造稳定地区均衡程度较高;(2) 青藏高原及周边造山带现今地壳运动主要为区域构造过程及深部动力学过程所控制,均衡调整过程不是主要控制因素;(3) 现今地壳垂直运动比较明显的块体处于均衡调整阶段,地表垂直运动的大小反映了该区所受的均衡力作用的程度;(4) 构造稳定地区基于岩石层均衡的理论计算海拔与观测海拔之差值和现今地壳垂直运动速率有较好的相关性,据此我们可以通过均衡分析研究构造块体的运动趋势和动力学性质;(5) 地幔热结构对现今地形、海拔及地壳垂直运动有显著影响,在处理均衡问题时,地幔岩石圈热结构是我们必须考虑的重要因素.     

云南西双版纳(曼桂)目击陨石的热变质和冲击变质研究

曼桂陨石是新近(2018年6月1日)陨落在云南西双版纳地区的目击球粒陨石,其中的主要矿物为橄榄石(Fa_(24.3±0.6))、斜方辉石(Fs_(20.6±0.5)Wo_(0.4±0.2))、长石(An_(11-12)Or_(2-4))、铁镍金属和陨硫铁,次要矿物为铬铁矿、白磷钙矿等.橄榄石和辉石的化学成分表明曼桂陨石属于L型普通球粒陨石.陨石中球粒很少且轮廓不清晰,基质矿物普遍经历过重结晶,重结晶矿物颗粒粒径较大,高钙辉石粒径25–30μm,长石颗粒大多超过50μm,说明该陨石属于6型岩石类型.橄榄石和辉石颗粒中发育有波状消光、嵌晶块状消光现象、平面裂隙和面状变形构造,长石熔长石化并不完全,陨石中观察到宽度不等且纵横交错的冲击熔融脉,表明曼桂普通球粒陨石受到的冲击变质作用可以达到S5级以上.通过熔融脉中的矿物组合推断出熔融脉中矿物经历的压力在15–16 GPa左右.