Submarine groundwater discharge revealed by aerial thermal infrared imagery: a case study on Jeju Island,Korea

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a global phenomenon that carries large volumes of groundwater and dissolved chemical species such as nutrient, metals, and organic compounds to coastal zones. We report the influence of SGD on the coastal waters of Jeju Island, Korea, using high‐resolution aerial thermal infrared (TIR) mapping techniques and field investigations. An aircraft‐based system was implemented using a cost‐effective TIR camera for aerial TIR mapping. Ground‐based calibrations and system integration with GPS/IMU (global positioning system/inertial measurement unit) were performed for the aerial systems. The aerial surveys showed distinct low‐temperature signatures of SGD along the coasts of Jeju Island, revealing large groundwater inputs from the coastal aquifers to the ocean. Multiple aerial surveys over a range of seasons and tidal stages revealed that SGD rates dynamically affect the sea surface temperature (SST) of the coastal zone. The in‐situ measurements supported that SGD has a substantial influence on the coastal water chemistry as well as SST. Our observations highlight the extent to which aerial‐based TIR mapping can serve as a powerful tool for studying SGD and other coastal processes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A two‐dimensional coupled hydromechanical discontinuum model for simulating rock hydraulic fracturing

Within the framework of our discontinuous deformation analysis for rock failure algorithm, this paper presents a two‐dimensional coupled hydromechanical discontinuum model for simulating the rock hydraulic fracturing process. In the proposed approach, based on the generated joint network, the calculation of fluid mechanics is performed first to obtain the seepage pressure near the tips of existing cracks, and then the fluid pressure is treated as linearly distributed loads on corresponding block boundaries. The contribution of the hydraulic pressure to the initiation/propagation of the cracks is considered by adding the components of these blocks into the force matrix of the global equilibrium equation. Finally, failure criteria are applied at the crack tips to determine the occurrence of cracking events. Several verification examples are simulated, and the results show that this newly proposed numerical model can simulate the hydraulic fracturing process correctly and effectively. Although the numerical and experimental verifications focus on one unique preexisting crack, because of the capability of discontinuous deformation analysis in simulating block‐like structures, the proposed approach is capable of modeling rock hydraulic fracturing processes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

In‐situ analysis of trace elements and Sr–Pb isotopes of K‐feldspars from Tongshankou Cu–Mo deposit,SE Hubei Province,China: Insights into early potassic alteration of the porphyry mineralization system

In the Tongshankou porphyry deposit (SE Hubei Province, South China), three types of K‐feldspars are recognized: (I) the phenocryst type in the porphyry that crystalized during the magmatic stage, (II) the megacryst type and (III) the vein type in the altered porphyry and orebody that was produced by hydrothermal fluids. A detailed in‐situ analysis of trace elements and Sr–Pb isotopes was carried out on K‐feldspars in an attempt to unravel their formation processes and to trace the element sources during potassic alteration. The Type III K‐feldspars show lower Sr contents and Sr‐isotope ratios but higher Pb contents and Pb‐isotope ratios than the Type I and II K‐feldspars, possibly reflecting a contribution from the country carbonate rocks with less radiogenic Sr but more radiogenic Pb sources, and indicate that the ore‐forming fluids and materials may have been partially derived from external sources such as the host sedimentary rocks during the early potassic alteration stage.     

Multiple overpressure systems and their relationship with hydrocarbon accumulation in the Qikou Depression of the Bohai Bay Basin,China

Pressure measurements using drill stem tests and estimates from log data calculation indicate that three vertically stacked regional pressure compartments exist in the Qikou Depression of Bohai Bay Basin, N. China. The compartments comprise hydrostatic, upper weak, and lower overpressure systems. Laterally, overpressure (pressure coefficient > 1.2) occurs in the deeper areas and weakens gradually from the centre to the margin of the depression. The accumulation of oil and gas exhibits the interesting characteristics of oil‐bearing layers above gas‐bearing layers in the Qikou Depression. The pattern can be accounted for by the evolution of overpressure system, the maturity process of the source rock and the main fault activity. In the late Dongying Formation (Ed, 30 Ma), the lower overpressure system began to form shape, and the hydrocarbon sources generated a large volume of oil. However, because there was no migration pathway, the oil only accumulated in the original strata. In the late Guantao Formation (Ng, 12 Ma), the gas was generated, the upper overpressure system formed gradually, and the activity of the main fault gradually increased. Then, the overpressure pushed the early gathered oil to flow from the lower overpressure system into the upper overpressure system. Afterwards, the activity of the main fault decreased again and remains weak until now. Thus, later generated natural gas cannot keep migrating along the main fault and can only accumulate in the lower overpressure system. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

内蒙古自治区重要矿种成矿规律综述

2007~2013年开展的内蒙古矿产资源潜力评价项目,对铁、铜、铅锌、金、银、钨、钼、铬、镍等重要矿种进行了区域成矿规律总结,为矿产资源潜力评价提供了基础资料。文章即是对该项工作部分成果的概括总结。主要进展包括:在全国Ⅲ级成矿区带划分的基础上,首次进行了覆盖全自治区的Ⅳ级成矿亚带的划分,共划分出34个Ⅳ级成矿亚带;对内蒙古铁、铜等11个重要矿种的主要矿床类型及成矿特征进行了概述,对其时空分布规律做了归纳,认为全区70%以上的矿床数量和资源储量均集中在Ⅲ_5、Ⅲ_6、Ⅲ_8、Ⅲ_10和Ⅲ_11五个成矿区带。此外,不同矿种甚至同一矿种,由于成矿地质背景的差异,在不同的三级区带中的分布也不一样。主要成矿期为元古宙和中生代,次为太古宙和晚古生代,不同矿种的重要成矿期也不完全相同。从区域演化的角度探讨了构造与成矿的关系,认为不同的构造演化阶段形成不同的矿床类型和不同矿种的矿床,其中,古大陆边缘裂谷带以白云鄂博式铁_稀土元素矿床为代表,而大兴安岭岩浆岩带则以产出与燕山期中酸性火山侵入杂岩有关的多金属矿产为特点。     

新疆东天山地区土屋和延东铜矿床斑岩叠加改造成矿作用

土屋和延东铜矿床位于东天山大南湖-头苏泉岛弧带南部,是中亚成矿带的重要组成部分。文章根据脉次穿插关系、蚀变矿物组合及矿物共生关系,将土屋和延东铜矿床均划分为斑岩成矿期、叠加改造期和表生期3个期次。土屋铜矿床的铜矿化形成于斑岩成矿期和叠加改造期,而延东铜矿床的铜矿化主要形成于叠加改造期;土屋和延东铜矿床伴生的钼矿化主要形成于叠加改造期。因此,笔者认为前人获得的辉钼矿Re-Os年龄(326.2~322.7 Ma)代表叠加改造期的成矿年龄,该期矿化与石英钠长斑岩((323.6±2.5)Ma)的侵入相关,而斑岩成矿期的矿化与斜长花岗斑岩(339~332 Ma)相关,成矿年龄为341.2~333.9 Ma。叠加改造期的存在,使得斑岩成矿期的蚀变分带可能受到了叠加和破坏。     

博格达山东段苏吉山辉长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、地质地球化学特征及构造意义

苏吉山辉长岩体位于博格达碰撞造山带东段,卡拉麦里蛇绿混杂岩带西南侧,出露面积约1.8 km~2,岩性为石英角闪辉长岩。苏吉山辉长岩体富含普通角闪石(20%)和磁铁矿物,表明原生岩浆富水、高氧逸度特征,岩石化学组成属于拉斑玄武岩系列,岩石弱富集大离子亲石元素Cs、Rb、Ba、Th、U,显著亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf和弱亏损Ti,显示源区为受俯冲流体交代改造的岩石圈地幔,应是洋壳俯冲的产物。苏吉山辉长岩体锆石U-Pb年龄为308.1±3.3Ma,早于卡拉麦里混杂岩带内碱性花岗岩侵位,介于博格达裂谷活动期,是裂谷作用由全面伸展向局限伸展转换的标志。苏吉山辉长岩空间上位于古亚洲洋板块沿卡拉麦里蛇绿混杂岩带向准噶尔板块斜向俯冲的前进方向,时间上介于博格达裂谷活动期,地球化学上显示洋壳俯冲的特征,各种事实表明,古亚洲洋沿卡拉麦里碰撞带向准噶尔板块斜向俯冲作用形成撕裂型博格达裂谷,博格达裂谷由伸展机制向伸展-碰撞过渡机制的应力调整导致了苏吉山辉长岩体的侵位。     

大兴安岭北段东坡中北部小莫尔可地区 中生代火山岩成因及其地质意义

大兴安岭地区是一个经历了古亚洲洋、蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋闭合和环太平洋构造体系叠加复合构造区,以其发育规模巨大、结构复杂的陆相火山岩带和花岗岩带以及有色、贵金属矿床备受国内外地质学家广泛关注和研究(Wu, et al.,2006;白令安,2013;Sun J G,2013;Xu,et al.,2013;苟军,2013)。目前,虽然该区在中生代陆相火山岩的成因、形成的构造背景已取得了较大进展;但是,由于大兴安岭地区火山作用复杂,自然地理、交通条件较差,尚有大面积空白区未开展过系统的1：50000区域地质矿产调查和科研工作;近期我们课题组在开展大兴安岭东坡花岗岩带北部1：50000小鄂尔贝尔汗（M51E012016）和小莫尔可（M51E011016）幅区域地质矿产调查过程中,将地质矿产调查与科研相结合,对侵入喷发在花岗岩岩体之间陆相火山岩进行了岩石地层厘定和岩相学、元素地球化学、年代学以及Hf同位素研究,以期为整体揭示大兴安岭火山岩的源区性质及其演化规律提供科学依据,并从成矿元素地球化学角度来约束成矿物质来源,并结合区域成矿作用探讨区域找矿意义。     

Impact of the Pacific–Japan Teleconnection Pattern on July Sea Fog over the Northwestern Pacific: Interannual Variations and Global Warming Effect

The northwestern Pacific(NWP) is a fog-prone area, especially the ocean east of the Kuril Islands. The present study analyzes how the Pacific–Japan(PJ) teleconnection pattern influences July sea fog in the fog-prone area using independent datasets. The covariation between the PJ index and sea fog frequency(SFF) index in July indicates a close correlation, with a coefficient of 0.62 exceeding the 99% confidence level. Composite analysis based on the PJ index, a case study, and model analysis based on GFDL-ESM2 M, show that in high PJ index years the convection over the east of the Philippines strengthens and then triggers a Rossby wave, which propagates northward to maintain an anticyclonic anomaly in the midlatitudes,indicating a northeastward shift of the NWP subtropical high. The anticyclonic anomaly facilitates the formation of relatively stable atmospheric stratification or even an inversion layer in the lower level of the troposphere, and strengthens the horizontal southerly moisture transportation from the tropical–subtropical oceans to the fog-prone area. On the other hand, a greater meridional SST gradient over the cold flank of the Kuroshio Extension, due to ocean downwelling, is produced by the anticyclonic wind stress anomaly. Both of these two aspects are favorable for the warm and humid air to cool, condense, and form fog droplets, when air masses cross the SST front. The opposite circumstances occur in low PJ index years, which are not conducive to the formation of sea fog. Finally, a multi-model ensemble mean projection reveals a prominent downward trend of the PJ index after the 2030 s, implying a possible decline of the SFF in this period.