热力适应、过流、频散和副高 I.热力适应和过流

利用位涡性质,讨论了因非绝热加热导致的大气动力特征的变化,阐明了大气动力过程向外加热强迫适应的原理。证明在热力适应过程中,沿着加热区的侧边界斜压位涡为负,且大于正压位涡,那里的大气出现对称不稳定。在加热区的上空尽管非绝热加热为零,仍然存在上升、辐散、反气旋环流及冷中心,证明这是由于“过流”引起的。通过总位涡的收支分析证明,由于边界层的摩擦作用,加热区上空多余的负位涡向外排放而成为大气中负涡度的源地。     

A new analytical model to study the influence of weld on the vertical dynamic response of prestressed pipe pile

This investigation is concerned with the mathematical analysis of a viscoelastic prestressed pipe pile embedded in multilayered soil under vertical dynamic excitation. The pile surrounding soil is governed by the plane strain model, and the soil plug is assumed to be an additional mass connected to the pipe pile shaft by applying the distributed Voigt model. Meanwhile, the prestressed pipe pile is assumed to be a vertical, viscoelastic, and hollow cylinder governed by the one‐dimensional wave equation. Then, analytical solutions of the dynamic response of the pipe pile in the frequency domain are derived by means of the Laplace transform and impedance function transfer method. Subsequently, the corresponding quasi‐analytical solution in the time domain for the case of the prestressed pipe pile undergoing a vertical semi‐sinusoidal exciting force applied at the pile top is obtained by employing the inverse Fourier transform. Utilizing these solutions, selected results for the velocity admittance curve and the reflected wave curve are presented for different heights of the soil plug to examine the influence of weld properties on the vertical dynamic response of prestressed pipe pile. The reasonableness of the theoretical model is verified by comparing the calculated results based on the presented solutions with measured results. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

平流层-对流层相互作用研究进展：等熵位涡理论的应用及青藏高原影响

系统介绍了近年来应用等熵位涡理论研究平流层-对流层动力相互作用所发现的一些新的事实和机理,包括平流层冬季极涡振荡过程中平流层、对流层环流异常的时空传播特征,以及等熵质量理论框架下的平流层-对流层动力耦合机理,还介绍了影响平流层环流年际尺度异常的因子及影响过程。回顾了夏季青藏高原的热力作用所激发的负位涡强迫源对东亚及全球大气环流的影响。并基于对夏季高原周边等熵位涡经向输送垂直分布的诊断进一步说明,夏季青藏高原的存在使高原东缘及东亚地区成为平流层和对流层物质交换的独特区域,探讨了夏季青藏高原影响平流层-对流层动力耦合的一种重要途径及其影响全球气候的重要意义。     

夏季青藏高原及周边上对流层水汽质量及其向平流层传输年际异常. II：向平流层的绝热和非绝热传输

夏季7～8月青藏高原及周边地区上对流层水汽质量的年际异常分布为整体异常型和东西偶极异常型所主导。本文基于ERA-Interim再分析资料并利用HYSPLIT（Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory）轨迹模式,分析了两个主导分布型对应的水汽质量向平流层绝热和非绝热传输的异常特征,结果表明:青藏高原上空水汽质量整体偏多（少）时,对应南亚高压和青藏高原地区垂直向上的水汽质量非绝热输送偏强（弱）,青藏高原及周边水汽质量向平流层的绝热和非绝热传输均偏强（弱）。水汽质量整体偏多与偏少年,水汽质量向平流层绝热和非绝热传输的主要区域和层次相近,只是水汽质量整体偏多年,水汽质量向平流层非绝热传输的层次略高。当青藏高原上空水汽质量呈西多/东少分布时,对应南亚高压偏西,青藏高原西北、东北侧水汽质量向中纬度平流层的绝热传输偏强,青藏高原南侧高层水汽质量向热带平流层的经向绝热传输也偏强,而青藏高原北侧水汽质量向中纬度平流层的经向绝热传输明显减弱。同时青藏高原主体上空水汽质量向平流层的非绝热传输偏强,而青藏高原南侧高层和北侧低层水汽质量向平流层的非绝热传输偏弱。水汽质量呈西少/东多分布时有相反的结果。轨迹模式模拟的结果证实了水汽质量整体偏多年,青藏高原及周边地区绝热进入平流层的轨迹频次偏多;也证实了水汽质量呈西多/东少分布时,青藏高原西北、东北和南侧绝热进入平流层的轨迹频次偏多,而青藏高原北侧绝热进入平流层的轨迹频次偏少。     

Impact of tropical cyclone development on the instability of South Asian High and the summer monsoon onset over Bay of Bengal

This paper analyzes the evolution of the South Asian High (SAH) during and after the development of tropical cyclone Neoguri over the South China Sea (SCS) in mid-April 2008, the formation of tropical storm Nargis over the Bay of Bengal (BOB) in late April, and the Asian summer monsoon onset, as well as their interrelationships. Numerical sensitivity experiments are conducted to explore the underlying mechanism responsible for these seasonal transitions in 2008. It is demonstrated that strong latent heating related with tropical cyclone activities over the SCS can enhance the development of the SAH aloft and generate zonal asymmetric potential vorticity (PV) forcing, with positive vorticity advection to its east and negative advection to its west. Following the decay of the tropical cyclone, this asymmetric forcing leads to instability development of the SAH, presenting as a slowly westward-propagating Rossby wave accompanied by a westward shift of the high PV advection. A strong upper tropospheric divergence on the southwest of the SAH also shifts westward, while positive PV eddies are shed from the high PV advection and eventually arrives in the southern BOB. Such synoptic patterns provide favorable pumping conditions for local cyclonic vorticity to develop. The latent heating release from the cyclogenesis further intensifies the upper-layer divergence, and the lower and upper circulations become phase locked, leading to the explosive development of the tropical cyclone over the southern BOB. Consequently, a tropical storm is generated and the BOB summer monsoon commences.     

Impact of Surface Potential Vorticity Density Forcing over the Tibetan Plateau on the South China Extreme Precipitation in January 2008. Part Ⅱ:Numerical Simulation

The surface air convergence on the eastern flank of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) can increase the in situ surface potential vorticity density (PVD). Since the elevated TP intersects with the isentropic surfaces in the lower troposphere, the increased PVD on the eastern flank of TP thus forms a PVD forcing to the intersected isentropic surface in the boundary layer. The influence of surface PVD forcing over the TP on the extreme freezing rain/snow over South China in January 2008 is investigated by using numerical experiments based on the Finite-volume Atmospheric Model of the IAP/LASG (FAMIL). Compared with observations, the simulation results show that, by using a nudging method for assimilating observation data in the initial flow, this model can reasonably reproduce the distribution of precipitation, atmospheric circulation, and PVD propagation over and downstream of the TP during the extreme winter precipitation period. In order to investigate the impact of the increased surface PVD over the TP on the extreme precipitation in South China, a sensitivity experiment with surface PVD reduced over the TP region was performed. Compared with the control experiment, it is found that the precipitation in the TP downstream area, especially in Southeast China, is reduced. The rainband from Guangxi Region to Shandong Province has almost disappeared. In the lower troposphere, the increase of surface PVD over the TP region has generated an anomalous cyclonic circulation over southern China, which plays an important role in increasing southerly wind and the water vapor transport in this area;it also increases the northward negative absolute vorticity advection. In the upper troposphere, the surface PVD generated in eastern TP propagates on isentropic surface along westerly wind and results in positive absolute vorticity advection in the downstream areas. Consequently, due to the development of both ascending motion and water vapor transport in the downstream place of the TP, extremely heavy precipitation occurs over southern China. Thereby, a new mechanism concerning the influence of the increased surface PVD over the eastern TP slopes on the extreme weather event occurring over southern China is revealed.     

Fractal-Based Wavelet Filter for Separating Geophysical or Geochemical Anomalies from Background

The widely used wavelet filtering technique holds potential to approach anomaly–background separation in geophysical and geochemical data processing. Wavelet statistics provide crucial information on such filtering methods. In general, conventional (Gaussian-type) statistical modeling is insufficient to adequately describe the heavily tailed and sharply peaked (at zero) distribution of the wavelet coefficients of irregular geo-anomaly patterns. This paper demonstrates that the cumulative (frequency) number of the wavelet coefficient yields a power-law scaling relationship with the coefficient based on wavelet transform of a fractal/singular measure. This wavelet coefficient–cumulative number power-law model is proven to be more flexible and appropriate than the Gaussian model for characterizing the scaling nature of the coefficient distribution. Accordingly, a fractal-based filtering technique is developed based on the wavelet statistical model to decompose mixed patterns into components based on the distinct self-similarities identified in the wavelet domain. The decomposition scheme of the fractal-based wavelet filtering method considers not only the coefficient frequency distribution but also the fractal spectrum of singularities and the self-similarity of real-world features. Finally, a synthetic data test and real applications from two metallogenic provinces of China are used to validate the proposed fractal filtering method for anomaly–background separation and identification of geophysical or geochemical anomalies related to mineralization and other geological features.     

A Study on Sulfate Optical Properties and Direct Radiative Forcing Using LASG-IAP General Circulation Model

The direct radiative forcing(DRF) of sulfate aerosols depends highly on the atmospheric sulfate loading and the meteorology,both of which undergo strong regional and seasonal variations.Because the optical properties of sulfate aerosols are also sensitive to atmospheric relative humidity,in this study we first examine the scheme for optical properties that considers hydroscopic growth.Next,we investigate the seasonal and regional distributions of sulfate DRF using the sulfate loading simulated from NCAR CAM-Chem together with the meteorology modeled from a spectral atmospheric general circulation model(AGCM) developed by LASG-IAP.The global annual-mean sulfate loading of 3.44 mg m 2 is calculated to yield the DRF of 1.03 and 0.57 W m 2 for clear-sky and all-sky conditions,respectively.However,much larger values occur on regional bases.For example,the maximum all-sky sulfate DRF over Europe,East Asia,and North America can be up to 4.0 W m 2.The strongest all-sky sulfate DRF occurs in the Northern Hemispheric July,with a hemispheric average of 1.26 W m 2.The study results also indicate that the regional DRF are strongly affected by cloud and relative humidity,which vary considerably among the regions during different seasons.This certainly raises the issue that the biases in model-simulated regional meteorology can introduce biases into the sulfate DRF.Hence,the model processes associated with atmospheric humidity and cloud physics should be modified in great depth to improve the simulations of the LASG-IAP AGCM and to reduce the uncertainty of sulfate direct effects on global and regional climate in these simulations.     

Dynamic features and maintenance mechanism of asian summer monsoon subsystem

l.Intr0ducti0nInitially,monsoonwasreferredtotheseasonalreversal0fwinddirectionovertheIndian0cean,especiallyalongthecoastalbeltoftheArabianSea(Webster,l987).Withthein-creasedunderstandingofmonsoonbehavi0rs,itsdefinitionandimplicationhavebeenaug-mentCd.BasedonpreviousstudiesandwindveeringinJanuaryandJulyasthecritCri0nofitsdefinition,Ramage(l97l)showedthatthemonsoonregionincludesAsiantropics/subtropics,Australia,Africaandtheiradjacentseas.Withadvancesinmonsoonre-search,metCorologistshaveexp…     

东北太平洋辐合异常对西太平洋副高异常影响的数值试验

用一个5层原始方程数值模式,对西太平洋副热带高压异常进退的一种可能机制进行了数值试验。试验表明,东太平洋副高的异常增强能通过激发扰动西传引起西太平洋副高加强西进控制中国大陆东南部地区。