定常态副热带高压与垂直运动的关系

文中利用NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料研究了定常条件下二维和三维空间上副热带高压与垂直运动的关系 ;比较了Hadley环流和副热带高压动力学的差异。结果显示由于地球自转 ,在副热带地区出现了最大的经向质量通量的辐合 ,导致了纬向平均副热带高压的形成。在热成风关系的制约下 ,除了在北半球夏季 ,通常副热带高压脊线随高度增加向赤道倾斜。Hadley环流的下沉支从对流层顶垂直地延伸到行星边界层。因此副热带高压脊线与该下沉支在自由大气中位置分离 ,年际变化反相 ;在行星边界层中摩擦耗散作用使两者重合 ,年际变化同相 ,但垂直运动对副热带高压的形成不起作用。三维空间上 ,沿行星边界层的副热带高压脊线处为下沉运动 ,副热带大洋东部强烈的下沉运动对应着强烈的向赤道气流。自由大气中 ,垂直下沉运动的分布与副热带高压的分布不同。大洋上副热带高压东部大气下沉 ,副热带高压西部大气上升。这一方面与等熵面的北高南低的倾斜分布在动力学上是一致的 ;另一方面还表明副热带高压的形成也与非绝热加热密切相关。总之 ,不论是在自由大气还是在边界层中 ,不能简单地把下沉运动看成是副热带高压形成的原因。     

一个具有高分辨率海洋分量的海气耦合模式

发展了中国科学院大气物理研究所（IAP）大气科学与地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室(LASG)全球海-陆-气耦合系统模式的一个新版本（GOALS-5），其中海洋分量是基于30层高分辨率的海洋环流模式。对该耦合模式成功地进行了30年的积分，基本上克服了气候飘移。与GOALS较早的几个版本模拟的SST相比，北半球夏季中高纬地区的误差显著改善，可能主要是由于采用了GM90的等密度混合方案使经向热输送增强的结果。对赤道中东太平洋冷暖事件有较好的模拟能力，并且对SST变率的模拟在位置和强度上比旧版本有明显改善。     

A Response to the Letter of Da-Lin Zhang

We appreciate many of Zhang's critical comments and constructive recommendations(Zhang 2002) for the reform of Advances in Atmospheric Sciences (AAS). An annualAAS Editorial Board meeting was held on 19 December 2001 at the Institute of AtmosphericPhysics (IAP) of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Zhang's letter (Zhang 2002) was distributed to     

青藏高原化雪迟早的辐射效应对季节变化的影响

利用大气物理所九层菱形截断１５波大气环流谱模式进行数值试验，研究青藏高原化雪迟早之辐射效应对季节变化的影响。共进行了正常态（ＣＯＮ），化雪迟（ＭＳＮ），化雪早（ＬＳＮ）三个试验。高原第ｉ月积雪状况在ＣＯＮ中取ｉ月气候平均值，在ＭＳＮ中取（ｉ—１）月的气候平均状况，在ＬＳＮ中则取（ｉ＋ｌ）月的气候状况。每个试验都从１月１日气候平均状况出发，积分至１０月。通过比较各试验结果分析化雪迟早的气候效应。结果表明，高原化雪的迟早改变了进入地表的辐射通量，从而改变了地表对大气的加热，由此影响东亚地区的季节变化。化雪迟则高原上春季进入地表的辐射通量减少，导致地表的潜热通量和向外长波辐射减弱。尤其是感热通量的减弱更为严重。一般情况下，高原在冬季为大气的感热汇，３月下旬变为大气的感热源。多雪时，这一变化推迟了近１个月。与之相应，２００ｈＰａ高原上空的南亚高压建立迟，印度西南季风爆发也迟。造成夏季风降水在印度偏少，在中印度半岛和广东沿海偏多。     

DIAGNOSIS OF NWP SYSTEMATIC FORECAST ERRORS IN ZONAL MEAN CIRCULATION

It is proved in this paper that NWP systematic forecast errors in the zonal mean circulation aredue to the difference in westerly acceleration process during the forecasting period between model andreal atmospheres.Those forcing factors which evoke the zonal mean wind variation can be split into various linearterms according to the non-acceleration theorem in a primitive equation system,By applying this tech-nique to the diagnosis of the forecast produets of the T42L9 model in January 1992 and in July 1992,it is indicated that the model has the ability to forecast the zonal mean wind to a reasonable extent,but there are still some errors in several places,especially in the upper troposphere and lower strato-sphere in the mid-latitude region as well as near the surface.The results of analysis by employing thisscheme reveal the reason responsible for the systematic forecast errors of the zonal mean wind in themodel and the possible way of improving it.It is also shown that non-acceleration theorem can be used as an efficient tool to diagnose thephysical processes of NWP models.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF EFFECTS OF LAND SURFACE PROCESSES ON CLIMATE--IMPLEMENTING OF SSiB IN IAP/LASG AGCM AND ITS PERFORMANCE*

This is an investigation of exchanges of energy and water between the atmosphere and the vegetated continents,and the impact of and mechanisms for land surface-atmosphere interactions on hydrological cycle and general circulation by implementing the Simplified Simple Biosphere(SSiB) model in a modified version of IAP/LASG global spectral general model(L9R15 AGCM).This study reveals that the SSiB model produces a better partitioning of the land surface heat and moisture fluxes and its diurnal variations,and also gives the transport of energy and water among atmosphere,vegetation and soil explicitly and realistically.Thus the coupled SSiB-AGCM runs lead to the more conspicuous improvement in the simulated circulation,precipitation,mean water vapor content and its transport.particularly in the Asian monsoon region in the real world than CTL-AGCM runs.It is also pointed out that both the implementation of land surface parameterizations and the variations in land surface into the GOALS model have greatly improved hydrological balance over continents and have a significant impact on the simulated climate.particularly over the massive continents.Improved precipitation recycling model was employed to verify the mechanisms for land surface hydrology parameterizations on hydrological cycle and precipitation climatology in AGCM.It can be argued that the recycling precipitation rate is significantly reduced,particularly in the arid and semi-arid region of the boreal summer hemisphere,coincident with remarkable reduction in evapotranspiration over the continental area.Therefore the coupled SSiB-AGCM runs reduce the bias of too much precipitation over land surface in most AGCMs,thereby bringing the simulatedprecipitation closer to observations in many continental regions of the world than CTL-AGCMruns.     

热力适应、过流、频散和副高II.水平非均匀加热与能量频散

利用位涡方程和热力适应原理，讨论了因非绝热加热的空间不均匀性导致的大气 动力特征的变化，进一步阐明了副热带地区的深对流凝结潜热加热的垂直非均匀性使副热带高压在中低空出现在热源区以东，在高空出现在热源区以西。在此基础上，深入研究了水平非均匀加热对大气环流的影响。结果表明加热区以北，虽然非绝热加热消失，但存在加热的水平梯度在西风环流的背景下在高低层造成深厚的负涡度强迫。因而高层热源北部边界附近的西风向南偏转进入加热区，造成加热区北部边界及其以北发生次级辐散；低层热源区的南风发生反气旋偏转，汇入加热区外的西风气流中，造成低层加热区北部边界及其以北发生次级辐合。结果该区域产生了垂直上升运动及负的涡度强迫源，对应着异常强烈的反气旋环流。该负涡度强迫源还通过能量频散，在西风带中以Rossby波的形式向中高纬传播，影响中高纬地区的异常环流型。     

ANALYSES OF THE DYNAMIC EFFECTS ON WINTER CIRCULATION OF THE TWO MAIN MOUNTAINS IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE--Ⅱ.VERTICAL PROPAGATION OF PLANETARY WAVES

A linear,hemispheric and stationary spectral model with multilayers in the vertical was employed to simulate the vertical propagation of waves triggered by mountains.Results show that,in cooperation with the East Asia zonal mean flow,Tibetan Plateau can excite a strong wavenumber 1 perturbation in the stratosphere with its ridge and trough located over the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans respectively.On the other hand,the stratospheric wavenumber 1 perturbation caused by the mechanical forcing of the Rocky Mountains in cooperation with the North America zonal mean flow is very weak.Calculations from observational data of the vertical profile of critical wavenumber for vertically propagating waves imply that the tropospheric wavenumber 1 perturbation can hardly penetrate the North America tropopause upwards,whereas it can freely propagate through the East Asia tropopause into the stratosphere.Two-dimensional E-Pcross-sections obtained from both observational data and simulated results also demonstrate that waves excited by the Rocky Mountains are refracted towards low latitudes in the troposphere during their upward propagation:whereas,in addition to the above mentioned equatorward leaning branch,the wavenumber 1 and 2 planetary waves excited by the Tibetan Plateau possess another branch which is refracted to high latitudes during upward propagation and penetrates the tropopause into the stratosphere.It is therefore concluded that the difference in the horizontal and vertical wave propagations in the two hemispheres is a result of the different dynamical forcing induced by the two main mountains in the Northern Hemisphere.     

西北地区粮食问题,潜力和发展途径

西北地区因其特定的自然条件的制约和农业基础脆弱以及投入不足的影响，人均粮食占有量一直低于全国的平均水平，是粮食调入区。本文把西北地区粮食发展划分为四个阶段，分析了粮食增产的主要途径。通过对粮食近期增长潜力和宜农荒地潜力分析，预测西北地区本世纪末粮食可能增产的幅度，并提出了达到该目标应采取的技术措施。     

大气定常波传播的运动学特征的时空变化

利用时间平均全球大气环流资料,本文计算了纬向平均位涡的南北梯度的时空分布,以及波动水平传播的临界波数n_s,和垂直传播的临界波数K_c的时空分布。由此研究全球大气定常波传播的运动学特征及其年变化。