SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF THE KINEMATIC CHARACTERISTICS IN THE PROPAGATION OF ATMOSPHERIC STATIONARY WAVES

Time-mean global general circulation data are employed to analyze the temporal and spatial variations ofthe meridional gradient of zonal mean potential vorticity,the critical wavenumber n_s for horizontal wave-propagation,and the critical wavenumber K_c for vertical wave-propagation.Thereby the kinematic charac-teristics in the propagation of atmospheric stationary waves and their annual variations are studied.Resultsshow that in the troposphere n_s and K_c usually decrease with the increase of either latitude or altitude.Synoptic and near-resonant Rossby waves could be trapped during their upward and meridional propagations.These characteristics possess prominent annual variations,especially in the Northern Hemisphere.It is foundthat the spatial and temporal variations of these kinematic characteristics are in good agreement with those ofthe atmospheric wave patterns.     

局地经圈环流和沙漠

应用 Xie和 Arkin降水资料和 NECP／NCAR再分析资料，研究了撒哈拉和中国西北沙漠地区的干旱气候。结果表明，尽管该两区域都有在年降水量少于50mm的十分干旱的区域，但其年度特征却非常不同。在撒哈拉沙漠中心的南部地区和中国西北沙漠地区，超过70％的降水出现在6－8月；而在撒哈拉沙漠中心以北地区，降水主要集中在12－2月。这种十分干旱的气候不能用Channey提出的生物圈－辐射效应加以解释。由于6－7月的强下沉中心远在撒哈拉强干中心的北部，其形成也不能用Rodwell和Hoskins提出的季风－沙漠机制予以解释。利用局地经圈环流的概念对两地干旱气候的分析和比较发现，局地经圈环流的下沉在12－2月支配着局地的垂直环流，导致干旱气候形成。这时撒哈拉北部的弱的、相对的多雨的气候是因受中海气候型影响所改。而在6－7月局地该为上升运动，其中尤以中国西北地区为显著。因此撒哈拉南部及中国西北的沙漠地区降水多集中在6－8月。不过与此上升运动相伴的是低空来之中、高纬的强而干的北风，它携带的水汽甚少，不利深对流发展。正是这种局地经圈环流导致了该两处干旱气候的形成。     

WRF模式对青藏高原南坡夏季降水的模拟分析

利用中尺度数值模式WRF研究积云对流参数化方案、网格嵌套技术和模式分辨率对陡峭的青藏高原南坡夏季降水模拟的影响。对2006年7月青藏高原南坡地区降水的模拟分析表明:降水对积云对流参数化方案的选择很敏感,不同方案模拟的结果差异显著,采用Grell-Devenyi质量通量方案时的模拟效果优于其他方案。在此基础上,通过5种试验方案比较发现,使用积云对流参数化方案、提高模式分辨率和应用网格嵌套技术能改善降水强度和空间分布的模拟,组合使用时模拟的降水与观测资料更接近。它们均能改进风场,使得水汽的输送和辐合过程的模拟更加准确;还能影响大气的垂直加热状态,导致不同的对流发生,使垂直速度的分布趋于合理。未使用积云对流参数化方案时,大气湿度偏小,而模式分辨率和网格嵌套技术对大气湿度的影响不大。      

Characterization of cloud microphysical properties in different cloud types over East Asia based on CloudSat/CALIPSO satellite products

利用CloudSat/CALIPSO卫星资料,本文揭示了东亚三个代表性区域的云微物理属性,为评估和改进模式云微物理过程提供重要的观测基础.研究的云微物理量包括云水/冰质量,数浓度和有效半径.研究表明:暖云中云水质量和数浓度随高度增加而减小,有效半径处于8-14μm范围.对于冰云,云冰质量和有效半径随高度增加而减小,而数浓度在垂直方向上变化不大.此外,云微物理属性在不同云型之间存在显著差异:积云的云水质量和数浓度最大,而卷云的云水质量和数浓度最小.从三个区域的对比结果来看,相比于华东和西北太平洋地区,青藏高原地区暖云的云水质量和数浓度较小,而冰云的则较大.     

PV Perspective of Impacts on Downstream Extreme Rainfall Event of a Tibetan Plateau Vortex Collaborating with a Southwest China Vortex

An extreme rainfall event occurred over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze Basin(MLY) during the end of June 2016, which was attributable to a Tibetan Plateau(TP) Vortex(TPV) in conjunction with a Southwest China Vortex(SWCV). The physical mechanism for this event was investigated from Potential Vorticity(PV) and omega perspectives based on MERRA-2 reanalysis data. The cyclogenesis of the TPV over the northwestern TP along with the lowertropospheric SWCV was found to involve a midtropospheric large-scale flow reconfiguration across western and eastern China with the formation of a high-amplitude Rossby wave. Subsequently, the eastward-moving TPV coalesced vertically with the SWCV over the eastern Sichuan Basin due to the positive vertical gradient of the TPV-related PV advection,leading the lower-tropospheric jet associated with moisture transport to intensify greatly and converge over the downstream MLY. The merged TPV-SWCV specially facilitated the upper-tropospheric isentropic-gliding ascending motion over the MLY. With the TPV-embedded mid-tropospheric trough migrating continuously eastward, the almost stagnant SWCV was re-separated from the overlying TPV, forming a more eastward-tilted high-PV configuration to trigger stronger ascending motion including isentropic-gliding, isentropic-displacement, and diabatic heating-related ascending components over the MLY. This led to more intense rainfall. Quantitative PV diagnoses demonstrate that both the coalescence and subsequent re-separation processes of the TPV with the SWCV were largely dominated by horizontal PV advection and PV generation due to vertically nonuniform diabatic heating, as well as the feedback of condensation latent heating on the isentropicdisplacement vertical velocity.     

GB《国家基本比例尺地图编绘规范》第2部分和第3部分有关问题的说明

利用已有的地形数据缩小编绘成较小比例尺地图的成图方法已成为当前地图制图的主要作业方法。因此制定国家标准《国家基本比例尺地图编绘规范》时,在编绘的作业方法与技术规定等方面,改变了传统的地形图缩编工艺,进行了适应数字地形图缩编要求的变动,同时根据有关的比例尺地图图式的规定对地物要素的综合指标进行了相应的调整。     

Editorial Statement

At the request of Dr. Hideharu AKIYOSHI of the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) of Japan and with the apology of Dr. ZHOU Libo for his misconduct, we hereby announce that the paper of "Middle-High Latitude N2O Distributions Related to the Arctic Vortex Breakup", authored by ZHOU Libo, ZOU Han, and GAO Yongqi, be retracted from Volume 23, No. 2, March 2006 of Advances in Atmospheric Sciences (AAS) on page number 215-223. This paper will not be considered as a published paper in AAS, and it will not appear in any future reference or record. In fact, this paper should not have been submitted for consideration for publication in AAS, because it was based on the scientific ideas and research previously     

谱模式中负地形的处理与东亚副热带气候的模拟

谱模式中负地形对气候模拟有严重干扰。本文重新处理IAP/LASG GOALS模式地形及海陆分布,通过对比新旧地形强迫下数值试验的结果,揭示了原有GOALS/LASG气候模式对西太平洋副高模拟中存在的系统偏差与（30oN,120oE）长江口附近的负地形及纬向地形谷有关。与NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和CMAP综合分析资料比较表明,新的地形方案减弱了负地形效应,使东亚气候,如夏季西太平洋副热带高压及夏季降水的模拟得到明显改善。     

用于GCM耦合的积雪模型的设计

文中描述一个一维的积雪分层模型,目的是要刻划雪盖随季节的变化,与其下冻土变动模型一起,构成完整的雪盖模型。为了保持一定精度,并能用于大气环模式（ＧＣＭ）研究,模型对积雪内部热量及质量输送过程的描述精细程度及计算时分层多少均有所考虑。模型中,改用内能代替温度作为预报量,克服了相变时直接预报温度时造成的计算误差,有效地预报了相变过程。对于积雪密度的变化,考虑了雪花形态的破坏而引起的密度变化及由于压实过程而引起的密度变化。并对各分层自重产生压实过程推导了相应的公式,在模型中对雪盖的光学特性、热力学特性及水流流动特性参数化方案设计也进行了分析。本简化模型的模拟结果与精细积雪模型的比较,具有几乎同等的精度,与俄罗斯的Ｙｅｒ－ｓｈｏｖ站实测数据相比,吻合十分理想。