青藏高原周边对流层顶的时空分布、热力成因及动力效应分析

利用多套、多种再分析资料的逐日气候平均场,通过对比分析,揭示了青藏高原周边区域对流层顶分布及其季节演变的独特特征,并分析了其热力成因以及气候学效应。结果表明,与同纬度的落矶山和太平洋地区相比,青藏高原及伊朗高原区域对流层顶高度的冬夏变化幅度更大。冬季副热带对流层顶断裂带（热带对流层顶与极地对流层顶之间高度剧烈变化的过渡带）位于青藏与伊朗两个高原上空,春季开始两个高原上空对流层顶抬升迅速,夏季最高可超过热带对流层顶的高度（超过100 hPa）,成为同纬度甚至全球对流层顶最高点。青藏与伊朗两个高原上空对流层顶的剧烈抬高,对应两个高原上空大气气柱比同纬度明显偏暖,同时伴随着青藏与伊朗两个高原上空位势涡度值的明显降低。因此,在青藏与伊朗两个高原区域,由春至夏等熵面强烈下凹,同时等位涡面剧烈抬升;夏季时等位涡面及对流层顶断裂带在青藏高原北部成近乎上下垂直分布,与南北倾斜分布的等位温面接近正交分布。这种特征与夏季同纬度其他地区相对平缓的对流层顶断裂带、等位涡面以及等熵面的经向分布形成强烈对比。进一步研究发现,青藏与伊朗两个高原上空由春至夏迅速发展的强大热源是引起上述对流层顶变化特征的主要原因。不同的是,青藏高原上空主要由发展强烈的对流凝结潜热所主导,而伊朗高原上空则主要由绝热下沉加热引起;此外,由春季至夏季,随着青藏高原地区对流层顶与等熵面剧烈相交分布的形成,南亚高压也逐步控制青藏高原上空,在南亚高压东缘盛行的偏北气流作用下,中高纬度平流层的高位涡空气得以在青藏高原东缘及东亚地区沿剧烈倾斜的等熵面被输送到较低纬度的对流层。与降水的季节演变对比可知,平流层高位涡输送的出现、加强和减弱与夏季降水的发展、加强与减弱成同步对应关系。从而证实了青藏高原影响夏季东亚地区形成独特气候格局的事实,说明在这种影响过程中,平流层-对流层动力相互作用过程不可忽视。      

副热带高压研究回顾及对几个基本问题的再认识

文中在回顾有关副热带高压研究的基础上 ,指出传统的观念在东太平洋副热带高压和西太平洋副热带高压的关系、下沉运动和副热带高压的形成、热带加热异常与副热带高压异常的关系、副热带高压与其周边系统的关系等问题上存在一定的局限。并根据近期的研究成果对上述问题给出新的认识。最后文中展望了在副热带高压的研究中需进一步深入的几个方面 :不同纬度相互作用、青藏高原的作用、时间尺度 -内部动力过程和外界强迫的相对重要性、非线性过程和角动量平衡问题。     

Impacts of land surface on climate of july and onset of summer monsoon: a study with an agcm plus ssib

To get more insight into the impacts of land surface processes on climate, a simplified biosphere model (SSiB) developed by Sellers and Xue et al. is implemented into the LASG / IAP spectral climate AGCM (R15L9). The new model has been integrated for more than twenty years. The diagnoses of the integration show that the implementing of the land surface processes has greatly improved the simulation of July climate. It is also shown that the seasonal variations of land surface characteristics have great impacts on the onset of summer monsoon, especially the seasonal march of wind at 850 hPa and precipitation over the regions of summer monsoon.     

夏季青藏高原热力场和环流场的诊断分析III:环流场稳定维持的物理机制

本文使用经过青藏高原气象科学实验测站观测资料订正过的欧洲中心FGGE-Ⅲb资料,对1979年夏季青藏高原地区进行了涡度方程诊断分析,研究了它们的月际变化、逐日变化和日变化,与高原上积云对流活动的强弱变化进行了比较,讨论了夏季高原稳定的环流场维持的物理机制;同时还对同时期热带赤道地区强对流活动区域进行了涡度方程诊断分析,将其涡旋环流场的维持机制与夏季高原地区进行了比较. 通过分析,发现夏季青藏高原月平均涡度方程平衡关系主要是次网格尺度项和散度项的平衡,水平平流项的耗散作用在高空较强,但不如次网格尺度项强,涡度方程其余各项均很小.从月际变化、逐日变化和日变化的比较,发现当积云对流活动发生强弱变化时,ω、D和涡度方程中的散度项、次网格尺度项均伴随很强的相应变化,对应关系很好,说明涡度方程中的次网格尺度项R(余差项)的主要部分来源于积云对流系统的活动,反映了夏季高原上存在的强盛频繁的积云对流活动对高原平均环流场的形成和维持具有重要的作用. 使夏季青藏高原高低层环流场加强的物理机制足高低层气流强大的辐散辐合,耗散机制是积云对流系统对高低层涡度的上下搅拌垂直输送作用和网格尺度水平平流项的非线性耗散作用,其中前者起主要的作用. 从涡旋能量维持的角度看,夏季青藏高原高低层环流场的维持大致是高原尺度环流系统的涡旋能量通过非线性过程,分别向高原区域以外更大尺度的系统和次网格尺度的对流系统输送,输送的损失由强大的高低层辐散辐合气流产生的涡旋能量补充,从而维持了高原地区环流场的稳定.赤道附近热带强对流活动区域环流场的维持机制与夏季高原地区的不同点,主要表现在其高层和低层的区域尺度环流场通过非线性作用都从更大尺度环流场得到涡旋能量,并把涡旋能量转送给次网格尺度积云对流系统,使自身维持稳定.     

中尺度海-气相互作用对台风暴雨过程的影响研究

利用中尺度海-气耦合模式MCM对两个典型台风过程进行了数值模拟试验,定量地分析了海-气相互作用对台风暴雨的影响,并探讨了这一影响的物理机制。结果表明,模式MCM能成功模拟台风的路径、强度以及台风暴雨的落时、落区。考虑海-气相互作用能使台风中心气压48和72 h分别回升9.9和3.5 hPa,使后续时段的台风对流性降水减小40~100 mm,还明显改变了非对流性降水分布。耦合与非耦合试验对比分析初步表明,海-气相互作用影响台风暴雨的机制是一种通过台风大风区附近海平面温度(SST)下降来调节的负反馈机制。     

湿斜压性与热带气旋强度突变

应用湿位涡方程和倾斜涡度发展理论 ,研究了热带气旋内部相当位温结构的演变与其强度突变的可能关系 ,并用一套高分辨率的模拟资料对所得结论进行验证。结果表明 ,由于热带气旋眼壁附近等相当位温面陡立 ,湿斜压性变化所激发的倾斜涡度发展是引起该区域垂直涡度突然增大或突然减小的主要原因。当热带气旋中心附近大部分区域的垂直涡度显著增长时 ,热带气旋就会在整体上表现为爆发性或迅速发展。最后还据此对同心双眼结构的出现和消失如何影响热带气旋强度变化进行了探讨。     

WAVE-MEAN FLOW INTERACTION AND FORMATION OF BLOCKING——PERSISTENT ANOMALOUS WEATHER IN CHINA IN THE SUMMER OF 1980

In the summer of 1980,serious persistent abnormal weather occurred over vast areas in China.While record-break-ing cold and flood were observed in the reaches of the Changjiang and Huaihe Rivers,severe hot wave and drought dom-inated the entire northern China.The long-lasting disastrous weather is mainly due to the stable development and main-tenance of blocking anticyclone over the northeastern Asia.This study aims at the understanding of the roles oftime-varying weather system transport in the formation of the blocking.It was shown that during this period,there appeared continuous generation of synoptic-scale perturbations alongthe strong baroclinic zone over Europe and the western Asia.While such perturbations propagated eastward,energyconversion occurred.At equivalent barotropic layer,with weak dissipation,such energy conversion was subjected to theso-called bi-directional principle:while the energy of the synoptic-scale system cascaded to smaller scale system,amuch larger portion was transferred to the blocking system with larger scale.Potential vorticity diagnoses also revealedthat the transient weather systems played the roles of maintaining the mean anticyclonic vorticity to the south,and meancyclonic vorticity to the north,of the westerly jet,and exciting strong anticyclonic vorticity growth and correspondinggeopotential height increase in high latitude area downstream of the westerly diffluence region.The research also showed that,the intensity of the forcing of the blocking formation via wave-mean flowinteraction in this Asian case was much stronger than that occurring in the western Europe in the summer of 1976.It wastherefore concluded that when persistent abnormal weather in the northern China was studied,in addition to thesubtropical weather systems,attention should also be drawn to the development of baroclinic zone over Europe and thewestern Asia,and the propagation and transfer properties of the synoptic systems embedded in the baroclinic zone.     

关于亚洲夏季风爆发及北半球季节突变的物理机理的诊断分析:Ⅰ季风爆发的阶段性特征

该工作将亚洲季风区作为一个复杂的海-陆-气耦合系统,来深入考察季风区海-气、陆-气相互作用的基本事实和物理过程,探讨它们在决定亚洲季风爆发及北半球行星尺度大气环流的季节突变的物理机理。本文是系列文章的第一篇,着重研究亚洲夏季风爆发的区域性和阶段性特征,以及过渡季节热带、副热带地区海-气、陆-气相互作用的基本事实,初步分析了它们之间的联系。研究表明,热带季风对流于4月底到5月初越过赤道进入北半球,首先出现在孟加拉湾东部-中南半岛西南部地区,然后于5月中旬和6月上旬末分别出现在南海和印度半岛地区,呈阶段性爆发的特征。季风对流在孟加拉湾东部-中南半岛西南部地区爆发阶段,在大气环流变化和对流活动中心位置出现区别于南海季风和印度季风爆发的特征。通过对地表感热通量和海表潜热通量的分析,表明热带海洋上海表感热通量甚小于海表潜热通量,南海季风爆发时期印度洋上海表潜热通量显著增大,印度季风爆发后海表潜热通量的高值中心在孟加拉湾和阿拉伯海上建立起来。印度洋上低层增强的过赤道气流引起的强烈的海-气相互作用导致海表水汽的大量蒸发,并通过其输送作用,为季风对流的爆发提供了充足的水汽来源。过渡季节在副热带地区(沿27.5～37.5°N纬带上), 青藏高原和西太平洋上地(海)表感热通量和潜热通量均有迅速的季节变化性, 但趋势相反。当青藏高原上地表感热通量和潜热通量呈阶段性的显著加大, 西太平洋上海表感热通量和潜热通量迅速减小。这种大陆和海洋对大气加热的显著的季节化的差异, 影响着大气环流的季节转变。     

Cloud feedback on sst variability in the western equatorial pacific in goals / lasg model

The cloud feedback on the SST variability in the western equatorial Pacific in GOALS / LASG model is studied in this paper. Two versions of the model, one with the diagnostic cloud and another with the prescribed cloud, are used. Both versions are integrated for 45 years. It is found that in the prescribed cloud run, the SST variability in the western equatorial Pacific is mainly of interdecadal time scale and the interannual variability is very weak. In the diagnostic cloud run, however, the interdecadal SST variability is depressed much and the interannual SST variability becomes much significant. The mechanism for the feedback is then explored. The variability of sea surface temperature (SST) in the western equatorial Pacific is found to be controlled mainly by the zonal wind anomaly, through the process of upwelling / downwelling in both versions. Then it is found that in the diagnostic cloud case, the negative feedback of the solar short wave (SW) flux acts significantly to balance the effect of upwelling / downwelling in addition to the latent flux. In addition, the variability of the SW flux is shown to be closely related to the variability of the middle and high cloud covers. Therefore, the negative feedback of the SW surface flux may have significant contribution to the cloud feedback on the SST variability.     

Impact of North Atlantic SST and Tibetan Plateau forcing on seasonal transition of springtime South Asian monsoon circulation

Climate Dynamics - The South Asian circulation and precipitation in spring shows a clear seasonal transition and interannual variation. We investigate how the North Atlantic sea surface temperature...