ENSO-independent contemporaneous variations of anomalous circulations in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres: The polar-tropical seesaw mode

Using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and the ENSO indices from the Climate Prediction Center over the period 1978–2014, we have investigated the contemporaneous circulation variations in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres by performing the singular value decomposition analysis of sea level pressure anomalies (SLPA) after the ENSO signal is regressed out. It is found that there exists a polar-tropical seesaw mode (PTSM) that characterizes with the out of phase fluctuations of SLPA between the polar and tropical regions in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres in boreal winter. This PTSM explains 47.74% of the total covariance of SLPA and is almost independent of ENSO. It demonstrates a long-term trend and oscillation cycles of 2–3 and 4–6 yr. The long-term trend in PTSM indicates that the sea level pressure gradually decreases in the tropics and increases in the polar region with time. This PTSM looks roughly symmetric about the equator besides the seesaw pattern of SLPA between the tropics and polar region in each hemisphere. The disturbances in the geopotential height field in association with the PTSM shows baroclinic features in the tropics whereas equivalent barotropic features in the mid and high latitudes in the troposphere. The anomalous thermal forcing in the tropical region is possibly one of the factors facilitating the formation of this PTSM. Significant global precipitation and temperature anomalies related to the PTSM are observed. In the positive PTSM phase, precipitation and temperature are higher than normal in southern Europe and the Mediterranean and surrounding areas, but lower than normal in northern Europe and Siberia. Precipitation is higher than normal while temperature is lower than normal in Northeast Asia. Significant temperature and precipitation anomalies possibly occur in the regions of western China, northern India, parts of North America, parts of subtropical Africa, Maritime Continent, and Antarctic. These results are helpful for better understanding of the circulation variations and the mechanisms behind the interactions between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres and the related winter climate anomalies over globe.     

A brief introduction to BNU-HESM1.0 and its earth surface temperature simulations

Integrated assessment models and coupled earth system models both have their limitations in understanding the interactions between human activity and the physical earth system. In this paper,a new human–earth system model,BNUHESM1.0,constructed by combining the economic and climate damage components of the Dynamic Integrated Model of Climate Change and Economy to the BNU-ESM model,is introduced. The ability of BNU-HESM1.0 in simulating the global CO2 concentration and surface temperature is also evaluated. We find that,compared to observation,BNU-HESM1.0underestimates the global CO2 concentration and its rising trend during 1965–2005,due to the uncertainty in the economic components. However,the surface temperature simulated by BNU-HESM1.0 is much closer to observation,resulting from the overestimates of surface temperature by the original BNU-ESM model. The uncertainty of BNU-ESM falls within the range of present earth system uncertainty,so it is the economic and climate damage component of BNU-HESM1.0 that needs to be improved through further study. However,the main purpose of this paper is to introduce a new approach to investigate the complex relationship between human activity and the earth system. It is hoped that it will inspire further ideas that prove valuable in guiding human activities appropriate for a sustainable future climate.     

强对流天气监测预报预警技术进展

强对流天气预报业务包括监测、分析、预报、预警和检验等方面。对流初生识别、对流系统强度识别和对流天气类型识别等监测技术取得新进展,综合多源资料的监测技术已应用于中国气象局中央气象台业务。对流系统的触发、发展和维持机制等获得了新认识,我国不同类型强对流天气及其环境条件统计气候特征、分析规范及相应业务产品等为业务预报提供了必要基础和技术支撑。光流法、多尺度追踪技术以及应用模糊逻辑方法的临近预报技术等有明显进展,融合短时预报技术得到广泛应用,对流可分辨高分辨率数值 (集合) 预报及其后处理产品预报试验取得了显著成效,基于数值 (集合) 预报应用模糊逻辑方法的分类强对流天气短期预报技术为业务预报提供了技术支撑。强对流天气综合监测和多尺度自适应临近预报技术、多尺度分析技术以及融合短时预报技术、发展并应用模糊逻辑等方法的、基于高分辨率数值 (集合) 模式的区分不同强度等级和极端性的分类强对流天气精细化 (概率) 预报技术等是未来发展的主要方向。     

Similarity model of feed support system for FAST

A new design of feed support system for Five hundred meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) is proposed in this paper. According to the similarity theory, a 1:15 scale model of feed support system has been built to make systemic research on the feasibility of the system. Then the control system and hardware structure of the feed support system are illustrated. A complete astronomical observation track is run by the scale model and the experiments results demonstrate that the new feed support system can satisfy the observation accuracy requirement of FAST.     

GEO空间碎片光度测量标定方法的研究

基于GEO卫星、太阳和观测站的空间几何关系,建立了消除太阳赤纬角对地球同步轨道( Geostationary Orbit,GEO)卫星光学特性的影响的方法.以三轴稳定GEO盒状卫星缩比模型为研究样本,在不同太阳赤纬角下进行仿真实验光度测量,研究太阳赤纬角和相位角的空间几何关系,得出消除太阳赤纬角对其辐亮度值以及以相位角...     

Remotely sensed assessment of water quality levels in the Pearl River Estuary, China

In this paper, a method of assessing water quality from satellite data is introduced. The composite pollution index (CPI) was calculated from measured chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nutrient concentration. The relationships between CPI and 240 band combinations of SeaWiFS water-leaving radiance were analyzed and the optimal band combination for estimating CPI was chosen from the 240 band combinations. An algorithm for retrieval of CPI was developed using the optimal band combination, (L₄₄₃ × L₅₁₀)/(L₄₁₂ + L₄₉₀). The CPI was estimated from atmospherically corrected SeaWiFS data by employing the algorithm. Furthermore, the CPI value range for each water quality level was determined based on data obtained from 850 samples taken in the Pearl River Estuary. The remotely sensed CPIs were then transferred to water quality levels and appropriate maps were derived. The remotely sensed water quality level maps displayed a similar distribution of levels based on in situ investigation issued by the State Ocean Administration, China. This study demonstrates that remote sensing can play an important role in water quality assessment.     

土水特征曲线(SWCC)的滞回特性模拟研究

为了模拟非饱和土的水力、力学特性在多次降雨、蒸发过程中的变化特性,本文以传统域模型的基本原理为基础,推到得到了一个能够模拟SWCC滞后性的计算模型,该模型计算方法简单,易于通过程序实现,且通过与试验数据和其他模型的计算结果对比,验证了该模型的合理性,同时,这个模型可为研究在复杂吸力变化状态下非饱和土的渗流特性、强度特性以及本构模型的研究打下一定的基础。     

新疆北部镁铁-超镁铁质岩的PGE成矿问题

铂族元素(PGE)矿化主要与镁铁-超镁铁杂岩有关,成矿类型主要为岩浆型矿床,这类PGE矿床的形成主要依赖两个条件:一是岩浆中富含PGE;二是具备PGE从岩浆中分离和富集的机制,主要是在岩浆演化过程中硫达到饱和。新疆北部镁铁-超镁铁质杂岩发育,并产有喀拉通克、黄山、黄山东、图拉尔根4个大型铜镍矿床和香山、土墩、葫芦、白石泉等中、小型铜镍矿,以及香山西、尾亚等中型钒钛磁铁矿矿床,但迄今尚未发现成型的PGE矿床。文中通过对PGE矿床的形成机制与镁铁-超镁铁杂岩源区特征研究,探讨了北疆地区PGE矿床的成矿问题。综合分析认为,新疆北部后碰撞镁铁-超镁铁质岩的岩石类型为经过了分离结晶形成的铁质岩石系列,是PGE矿床的有利容矿岩石;矿床的Sr、Nd、Pb、O、Os和S同位素和含矿岩石地球化学特征表明,铜镍硫化物矿床含矿岩浆在岩浆演化和成矿过程中有地壳物质加入并可导致硫化物熔离作用,说明在成矿机制上也存在形成岩浆型PGE矿化的条件。新疆北部PGE矿化微弱的原因可能在于该区广泛发育的亏损型地幔源(具正的εNd值特征),这一亏损型地幔可能部分源于洋壳熔融,与产于后碰撞造山带环境、发育于"洋壳"或"不成熟"陆壳基底之上有关,由此决定了原始岩浆为贫PGE的源区,因此不利于PGE的富集成矿。