武（汉）广（州）客专武汉韶关段红黏土工程特性研究

通过对武（汉）广（州）客运专线武汉韶关段红黏土的工程特性研究,认为该地区红黏土液塑限高,饱和度和孔隙比大;具有较好的力学性能,压实性较低;先期固结压力远大于上覆土层自重压力,具有超固结性,具有固而不密特征;红黏土呈现出特殊的上硬下软的工程特性,超固结比和先期固结压力随深度增加而减小。这些研究成果为客运专线实体工程的修建提供了重要的指导和依据。     

空间点过程理论在极端气候事件中的应用研究

该文定义了12种极端温度事件和6种极端降水事件,将基于空间点过程理论的k阶最近邻距离丛集点提取算法应用于极端温度和极端降水事件的研究,给出了极端温度和极端降水事件区域群发性站点的检测流程;采用多年平均的疏密差异比R和有效率η两个指标,对所定义的各种极端气候事件的区域群发性进行了有效性检验,结果表明:k阶最近邻距离丛集点提取算法适用于极端气候事件的区域群发性研究,并进一步阐明了极端气候事件区域群发性的物理含义。     

Application of an Economy--Climate Model to Assess the Impact of Climate Change

An interdisciplinary investigation was conducted to assess the impact of climate change on grain yields using an economy--climate model (C-D-C). The model was formulated by incorporating climate factors into the classic Cobb-Douglas (C-D) economic production function model. The economic meanings of the model output elasticities are described and elucidated. The C-D-C model was applied to the assessment of the impact of climate change on grain yields in China during the past 20 years, from 1983 through 2002. In the study, the land of China was divided into eight regions, and both the C-D-C and C-D models were applied to each individual region. The results suggest that the C-D-C model is superior to the classic C-D model, indicating the importance of climate factors. Prospective applications of the C-D-C model are discussed.     

On Prediction of Record-Breaking Daily Temperature Events

The daily maximum/minimum temperature data at 740 stations in China from 1960 to 2005 were ana-lyzed to reveal the statistical characteristics of record-breaking（RB）daily extreme temperature events in the past 46 yr.It is verified that the observational daily extreme temperatures obey the Gaussian distribution. The expected values of RB extreme temperatures were obtained based on both the Gaussian distribution model and the initial condition of observed historical RB high/low temperature events after tedious the-oretical derivation.The results were then compared with those obtained by the iteration computation of the pure theoretical model.The comparison suggests that the results from the former are more consistent with the observations than those from the latter.Based on the above analyses,prediction of future possible RB high/low temperature events is made,and the spatial distributions of maximum/minimum theoretical values of their intensities are also given.It is indicated that the change amplitudes of future extreme temperatures differ evidently from place to place,showing a remarkable regional feature：the future extremely high temperature events will have a strong rising intensity in Southwest China,and a relatively weak rising intensity in western China;while the largest decrease of the future extremely low temperature events will appear in Northeast China and the north of Northwest China,and the decrease will be maintained relatively stable in space in Central China and Southwest China,in comparison with the historical low temperature pattern.Features in the occurrence time of the future RB temperature events are also illustrated.     

全区台站数据采集分发综合监控系统设计与实现

文章针对目前基层观测台站传输现状,设计了气象观测数据采集传输监控平台,实现了观测数据采集、传输、分发、管理、监控的统一,克服和解决工作人员工作流程繁琐、效率低;数据传输管理分散,监控难度大：原始数据存储分散,不利一统管理,共享能力低;格式及数据质量控制程序由各厂家开发,不利于根据本地化情况进行修改和调整;不利于基础数据传输工作的全区统一规范管理和部署等方面的弊端和难题。系统具体功能包括：观测数据文件的实时采集传输、观测数据初步质量控制、观测数据文件存储管理、监控信息采集存储、信息前台显示操作平台、实时报警功能、时钟同步功能,系统的实施将降低工作强度、提高工作效率、促进全区整体信息网络业务的进一步发展。     

长江中下游汛期降水优化多因子组合客观定量化预测研究

针对长江中下游区域汛期降水模式预报误差,利用历史资料的有用信息订正模式预报误差.根据国家气候中心预测室提供的74项环流特征量和美国国家海洋和大气管理局发布的40项气候指数,确定降水预报误差场的相似年份,利用相似年的降水误差场对模式结果进行相似误差订正,有别于传统的模式系统误差订正.研究发现,相似误差订正效果明显优于系统...     

Dry/Wet Changes and Their Standing Characteristics in China During the Past 531 Years

Time series of the dryness-wetness(DW) index of 531 yr(AD 1470-2000) at 42 stations in regions A(most of North China and the east of Northwest China) and B(the Yangtze-Huaihe River valley) in China are applied to investigating the historical DW characteristics over various periods of the series with a relatively stationary average value using Bernaola-Galvan(BG) algorithm.The results indicate that region A/B underwent three drought-intensive periods(DIP;1471-1560,1571-1640,and 1920-2000/1501-1540,1631-1690,and 1911-1960) in the last 531 years.In the DIP of the last 130 years,the frequency of DW transition has increased in region A,but not obviously changed in region B in comparison with the other two historical DIPs.The dry period started in about 1920 in region A with severe drought events occurring from the late 1970s to the early 1980s.It lasted for about 50-70 yr in this century,and then a DW shift took place.The wet period in region B might maintain for the coming several decades.The variations of DW in region A are positively correlated with changes in temperature,but in region B,the correlation with temperature is weaker.It is found that the number of DW indices of various categories within a running window is an exponential function of the running window length.The dryness scale factor(DSF) is defined as the reciprocal of the characteristic value of the exponential distribution,and it has a band-like fluctuation distribution that is good for the detection of extreme drought(flood) clustering events.The results show that frequencies of the severe large-scale drought events that concurrently occurred in regions A and B were high in the late 12th century,the early 13th century,the early 17th century,and the late 20th century.This provides evidence for the existence of the time-clustering phenomena of droughts(floods).     

利用自记忆模式试报我国汛期降水

基于大气运动是一种不可逆过程的观点，引进了记忆过去时次资料的记忆函数。进一步阐明了大气运动的自记忆概念，导出了大气运动的自记忆性方程。基于自记忆原理，从大气热力学方程和水分平衡方程出发，建立了一个用于短期降水预报的数学模式。对6－8月我国汛期降水预测作了12年的回报试验，结果表明该模式的预测评分比目前的月预报有很大提高。     

Water Vapor Transport Related to the Interdecadal Shift of Summer Precipitation over Northern East Asia in the Late 1990s

In this study, an interdecadal shift of summer precipitation over northern East Asia (NEA) was identified, demonstrating that summer precipitation decreased abruptly after 1998/99. The synchronous shift in summer moisture budget and water vapor transport over NEA was further investigated by using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. The results indicate that water vapor transported northward into NEA from three low-latitude paths was limited because most water vapor was transported eastward. Water vapor transported from the westerly path in mid–high (WMH) latitudes exhibited significant correlations with summer precipitation in NEA and experienced a significant adjustment in the late 1990s. Regarding the spatial distributions of water vapor transport, less input was found through the western boundary while more output occurred through the eastern boundary of NEA, and zonal water vapor transport fluxes mainly concentrated at the low to middle levels, which led to the summer precipitation shift in NEA around the late 1990s. Furthermore, it is also confirmed that the wind anomalies (rather than the moisture disturbance) as the dominant internal dynamic factor and Pacific Decadal Oscillation/Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (PDO/AMO) as possible external force played important roles in influencing the water vapor transport and causing the summer precipitation shift over NEA in the late 1990s.     

热带印度洋-西太平洋水汽输送异常对中国东部夏季降水的影响

利用1979~2015年NCEP/NCAR发布的月平均全球再分析资料,分析了热带印度洋-西太平洋水汽输送异常对中国东部夏季降水的影响及其形成机理。研究结果表明:热带印度洋-西太平洋地区（10°S~30°N,60°~140°E）夏季异常水汽输送主要包括两个模态,他们可以解释总的水汽输送异常34%的方差。其中,第一模态（EOF1）表现为异常水汽沿反气旋从热带西太平洋经过南海及孟加拉湾输送到中国东部上空,对应南海、孟加拉湾水汽路径输送均偏多,此时西太平洋副热带高压显著偏强,异常水汽在长江中下游地区辐合并伴随显著上升运动,有利于长江中下游降水偏多;第二模态（EOF2）表现为异常水汽从热带印度洋沿阿拉伯海、印度半岛、中南半岛等呈反气旋式输送,华南上空相应出现气旋式水汽输送异常,并对应异常水汽辐合和上升运动,有利于华南降水偏多。就可能的外部成因而言,EOF1与ENSO关系密切,表现为前冬热带中东太平洋显著偏暖,夏季同期热带北印度洋、南海上空显著偏暖,造成西太平洋副热带高压显著偏强,异常水汽主要来源于热带西太平洋和南海;EOF2与同期热带印度洋偶极子（TIOD）异常有关,TIOD为正位相时热带印度洋上空出现异常东风,华南上空出现异常气旋并伴随水汽异常辐合,异常水汽主要来源于热带南印度洋。