腾格里沙漠南部格状沙丘的形态演变及移动特征

沙丘的形态变化与移动蕴含区域风沙环境和地貌演化的关键信息,是风沙地貌研究的重要内容。以腾格里沙漠南缘的长格状和方格状沙丘为研究对象,利用风况资料和Google Earth卫星影像,监测2009—2020年两种格状沙丘的形态变化并分析其移动特征。结果表明：(1)腾格里沙漠西南缘和东南缘的主风向均为西北风,长格状沙丘分布区的次风向为东南风,方格状沙丘分布区次风向为东风和东南风,都属于低风能环境、中变率风况。西南部风能环境大于东南部,研究区近10年风动力呈衰减趋势。(2)格状沙丘的主副梁长度和间距在增加,其中,长格状沙丘高度增加,方格状沙丘高度在降低。沙丘主梁向东偏移,副梁向南偏移,形态整体保持稳定。(3)长格状沙丘平均移动速率为1.57～1.71 m·a^-1,方格状沙丘平均移动速率为1.63～2.01 m·a^-1,沙丘平均移动方向与合成输沙方向基本一致,沙丘的体积是造成移动速率差异的主因。     

Modeling of spatial distributions of farmland density and its temporal change using geographically weighted regression model

This study used spatial autoregression（SAR） model and geographically weighted regression（GWR） model to model the spatial patterns of farmland density and its temporal change in Gucheng County,Hubei Province,China in 1999 and 2009,and discussed the difference between global and local spatial autocorrelations in terms of spatial heterogeneity and non-stationarity. Results showed that strong spatial positive correlations existed in the spatial distributions of farmland density,its temporal change and the driving factors,and the coefficients of spatial autocorrelations decreased as the spatial lag distance increased. SAR models revealed the global spatial relations between dependent and independent variables,while the GWR model showed the spatially varying fitting degree and local weighting coefficients of driving factors and farmland indices（i.e.,farmland density and temporal change）. The GWR model has smooth process when constructing the farmland spatial model. The coefficients of GWR model can show the accurate influence degrees of different driving factors on the farmland at different geographical locations. The performance indices of GWR model showed that GWR model produced more accurate simulation results than other models at different times,and the improvement precision of GWR model was obvious. The global and local farmland models used in this study showed different characteristics in the spatial distributions of farmland indices at different scales,which may provide the theoretical basis for farmland protection from the influence of different driving factors.     

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基于GPS反射信号技术的渤海海冰实验

传统的海冰检测手段都存在着受天气影响或实时检测成本太高的缺点,为了更实时有效的检测海冰,减轻海冰灾害对于我国的影响,并达到防灾减灾的目的,本文研究了GPS反射信号(GPS-R)技术检测海冰的可能性。通过对2013年2月下旬在中国天津渤海湾的岸基架设GPS信号接收机所接收的观测数据进行分析,使用不同特性的反射海域(几乎全为海水或是海冰)的数据进行比对分析,其结果显示极化比值(反射左旋信号与直射右旋信号的比值)能够明显反演海冰密集度。本文首次将GPS-R技术应用于国内自主设计的渤海海冰检测实验中。     

黔北务川—正安—道真地区下二叠统大竹园组和梁山组孢粉学研究

文中材料采自黔北务川—正安—道真地区下二叠统大竹园组和梁山组。大竹园组孢粉化石类型单调,保存较差;而梁山组孢粉化石丰富,保存良好。孢粉组合特征为:(1)大竹园组包含丰富的Calamospora和Florinites及少量Torispora verrucosa,Gulisporites,Alisporites,Hamiapollenites和Striatopodocarpites,这一孢粉组合主要出现在上石炭统至下二叠统。按照大竹园组层位和孢粉化石特征,其地质时代应为早二叠世Asselian期—Artinskian期(相当于紫松期—隆林期)。(2)梁山组中可建立孢粉组合Laevigatosporites vulgaris-Gulisporites-Florinites ovalis,共计发现孢粉化石34属49种,其中蕨类植物孢子含量为51.6％～56.1％,裸子植物花粉含量为43.9％～48.4％。与大竹园组沉积时期相比,这一时期植被极为繁盛。根据孢粉组合特征,梁山组地质时代可能为早二叠世隆林期,即Kungurian期。     

红外光谱/扫描电镜等现代大型仪器岩石矿物鉴定技术及其应用

传统的光学显微镜由于分辨率、放大倍数的限制,对于细微颗粒的定性分析不准确,矿物的定量分析存在一定的误差,对纳米-微米级矿物形貌及结构特征的观察束手无策。随着油气勘探及地质找矿的不断深入,需要提供岩石中所有矿物、孔隙及微量元素的信息,因此整合傅里叶红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪、拉曼光谱仪、扫描电镜的优点,建立以大型仪器为基础的岩石矿物鉴定方法是当前地质工作的需要。红外光谱光谱范围为7500~370 cm-1,能对固、液、气样品中含量高于30%的矿物进行快速、准确的定性分析;主要用于有机质分析,其次还可对部分具有极性键的无机化合物及金属氧化物进行分析。X射线衍射仪能快速地对样品中含量大于15%的矿物进行较为准确的定量分析;现今主要用于各类晶质矿物的定性分析,同时也可对碳酸盐岩矿物等不含水矿物进行定量分析。拉曼光谱仪光谱范围为200~1000 nm,空间分辨率为横向0.5μm、纵向2μm,通过对包裹体进行测试能直接获得成岩过程中的温度、压力、流体成分等信息;目前主要用于流体包裹体成分的测试,其次还可对分子极化度会发生变化的液态、粉末及固体样品进行定性分析。扫描电镜分辨率达到1 nm,能清晰地观察到纳米-微米级矿物的形貌特征及矿物的结构特征;主要用于纳米-微米级的任何非磁性固体矿物的形貌及相关关系的观察。通过大型仪器建立的岩石矿物鉴定方法具有更高的分辨率,显著地提高了岩矿鉴定的精准度,大大拓宽了岩矿鉴定的范围(如鉴定纳米/微米级的矿物、矿物的不同变种等),能够全面、精准地提供岩石矿物的矿物含量和矿物组成、客观准确的成岩作用信息、清晰的矿物微观形貌及结构特征,而且仪器功能相互重叠,测试结果相互验证,保证了测试结果的可靠性。与传统光学显微镜鉴定方法相比,现代大型仪器岩石矿物鉴定技术为揭示矿物间的共生、反应、演化、岩石的成因、沉积/成岩环境等提供了依据,为地质工作提供准确、全面的矿物定性定量、组构特征及成岩作用等信息,为地质工作的顺利完成奠定了坚实的基础。     

On improving tropical cyclone track forecasts using a scale-selective data assimilation approach: a case study

A dynamical downscaling approach based on scale-selective data assimilation (SSDA) is applied to tropical cyclone (TC) track forecasts. The results from a case study of super Typhoon Megi (2010) show that the SSDA approach is very effective in improving the TC track forecasts by fitting the large-scale wind field from the regional model to that from the global forecast system (GFS) forecasts while allowing the small-scale circulation to develop freely in the regional model. A comparison to the conventional spectral-nudging four-dimensional data assimilation (FDDA) indicates that the SSDA approach outperforms the FDDA in TC track forecasts because the former allows the small-scale features in a regional model to develop more freely than the latter due to different techniques used. In addition, a number of numerical experiments are performed to investigate the sensitivity of SSDA’s effect in TC track forecasts to some parameters in SSDA, including the cutoff wave number, the vertical layers of the atmosphere being adjusted, and the interval of SSDA implementation. The results show that the improvements are sensitive in different extent to the above three parameters.     

长江流域径流量变化过程及其对ENSO和PDO的响应

根据宜昌站、汉口站和大通站的径流量数据,运用M-K检验和小波分析等方法,对1900年以来长江流域径流量的趋势和周期变化进行分析,探究径流量变化对厄尔尼诺?南方涛动（ENSO）和太平洋年代际振荡（PDO）的响应。结果表明：1900 年以来长江流域径流量呈显著的减少趋势,并具有2~8 a的年际周期变化和14~17 a的年代际周期变化。流域径流量与ENSO具有相同的2~8 a周期变化,在El Ni?o发生期,径流量较低,在La Ni?a发生期,径流量较高。14~17 a的周期变化与PDO相关,在暖位相期径流量偏少,在冷位相期径流量偏多。PDO影响着ENSO和径流量之间的相关性,在暖位相期,El Ni?o对径流量的影响增强,在冷位相期,La Ni?a对径流量的影响增强。因此,在分析和预测流域径流量长时间尺度上的变化时要综合考虑ENSO和PDO的影响。