IMPACTS OF TWO TROPICAL CYCLONES EXPERIENCING EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION DURING NORTHWARD PROGRESSION ON THE RAINFALL OF LIAODONG PENINSULA

Both of Typhoon Winnie (9711) and Matsa (0509) underwent an extratropical transition (ET) process when they moved northward after landfall and affected Liaodong Peninsula. However, Matsa produced half as much rainfall as Winnie, although it struck Liaodong Peninsula directly while Winnie passed through the Bohai Sea. The relations between the ET processes and the precipitation over Liaodong Peninsula are examined. The result shows that the precipitation difference between Winnie and Matsa was closely related to the interactions between the westerly systems and typhoons during their ET processes. Winnie was captured by the upper westerly trough and then coupled with it when moving to the mid-latitudes, and the positive anomaly of moist potential vorticity (MPV) was transported downward from the upper troposphere over the remnant circulation of the tropical cyclone (TC). It was favorable to the interaction between tropical warm and wet air and westerly cold air, causing convective cloud clusters to form and develop. The rain belt composed of several meso-β cloud clusters over the Liaodong Peninsula, resulting in heavy rainfall. On the other hand, Matsa did not couple with any upper trough during its ET process and the positive anomaly of MPV in the upper troposphere and its downward transfer were weak. Only one meso-β cloud cluster occurred in Matsa’s rain belt during its ET process that tended to lessen rainfall over Liaodong Peninsula.     

我国大陆上空可降水量的时空变化特征

利用1958-2001年NCEP/NCAR和ECMWF月平均再分析资料,由地面积分到300 hPa计算了我国大陆上空整层大气的可降水量,对可降水量的时空变化规律及我国大陆上空可降水总量变化特征进行了分析,并利用部分站点探空资料对大气再分析资料获得的结果进行了校验.结果表明:我国大部分地区年平均可降水量表现为减少趋势,而西北地区和华南沿海呈增加趋势;各个季节平均可降水量趋势变化特征并不相同;去除线性趋势的可降水量异常变化主要表现为全国大部分地区一致的年代际振荡,在1965年可降水量由偏多向偏少转变,而在1987年前后可降水量又由偏少向偏多转变;我国大陆上空年平均可降水总量的变化特征主要表现为从1960s中期的持续减少和大致从1980s后期的增加趋势特征.     

利用GPS定位资料分析L波段雷达测风性能

新研制的GPS探空仪是在我国高空站网上普遍使用的L波段雷达-数字探空仪系统中增加GPS定位模块,高空风数据不但可以通过GPS定位数据计算获得,同时还可以通过L波段雷达单测风方式进行计算,这样使其自身获得了多方面的动态比对试验。通过对23份对比施放记录分析发现:在一般情况下,经过同等的适当滑动平滑后,从L波段雷达和GPS定位两个独立系统得出的高空风廓线基本一致,说明L波段雷达的测风精度基本可以达到GPS测风水平。但在探空仪上升到高空小风速区且远离测站时,雷达测风精度明显较GPS测风精度低,需要对原始数据进行更大范围的平滑。对照分析表明:目前高空站的L波段雷达观测业务还有较大发展潜力。     

黑龙江省春季一次区域暴雪过程的数值模拟与诊断分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP资料以及WRFV2.0模式模拟的结果,对2009年3月21～23日黑龙江省中南部地区的大到暴雪过程进行了分析.结果表明:WRF模式对这次大到暴雪的区域进行了很好的模拟.进一步对模式输出的物理量进行了仔细的分析发现:中低层的西南气流为此次区域暴雪提供了充足的水汽;总螺旋度的变化对降雪的强度变化有一定的指示意义:在这次降雪过程中,MPV2的作用大于MPV1,说明条件性对称不稳定加强,有利于暴雪的形成.     

Agricultural Land Use Effects on Climate over China as Simulated by a Regional Climate Model

The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) Regional Climate Model version 3 (RegCM3) is used to investigate the climate effects of land use change related to agriculture over China. The model is driven by the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecast 40-yr Re-Analysis (ERA40)data. Two sets of experiments for 15 yr (1987-2001) are conducted, one with the potential vegetation cover and the other the agricultural land use (AG). The results show that the AG effects on temperature are weak over northern China while in southern China a significant cooling is found in both winter (December-January-February) and summer (June-July-August). The mean cooling in the sub-regions of South China (SC) in winter and the sub-regions of Southeast (SE) China in summer are found to be the greatest,up to 0.5℃ and 0.8℃, respectively. In general, the change of AG leads to a decrease of annual mean temperature by 0.5-1℃ in southern China. Slight change of precipitation in western China and a decrease of precipitation in eastern China are simulated in winter, with the maximum reduction reaching -7.5% over SE. A general decrease of precipitation over northern China and an increase over southern China are simulated in summer,in particular over SE where the increase of precipitation can be up to 7.3%. The AG effects on temperature and precipitation show strong interannual variability. Comparison of the climate effects between AG and the present-day land use (LU) is also performed. In southern China, the ratio of temperature (precipitation)changes caused by AG and LU is greater than (closer to) the ratio of the number of grid cells with changed vegetation cover due to AG and LU variations.     

WRF模式对山谷城市边界层模拟能力的检验及地面气象特征分析

利用先进的WRF中尺度模式中3种边界层参数化方案(YSU、MYJ和ACM2),模拟了2005年1月25~28日兰州市冬季地面温度和风速的变化,并与同期系留探空和自动气象站的实测资料进行了对比分析。结果表明:对兰州冬季大气边界层地面温度日变化的模拟,局地闭合的MYJ方案优于非局地闭合的YSU和ACM2方案;3种方案模拟的夜间位温廓线较好,白天的较差;在边界层低层,考虑局地和非局地闭合的ACM2方案模拟的位温廓线与观测值比较一致;在边界层上部,局地闭合的MYJ方案则更适合于描述大气湍流对位温垂直分布的影响;3种边界层参数化方案模拟的兰州地区冬季温度场空间分布特征相似,但MYJ方案模拟的夜间温度低于YSU和ACM2方案,白天则高于YSU和ACM2方案。     

NCEP/CFS模式对东亚夏季延伸预报的检验评估

利用NCEP的气候预报系统（Climate Forecast System, CFS）所提供的1981—2004年历史回报试验结果,检验和评估了该系统对夏季东亚地区大气环流的预报技巧和系统误差;在此基础上通过提取模式预报和观测的10~20 d及30~60 d低频振荡分量,重点对我国南方3次典型持续性暴雨过程的预报技巧进行检验和诊断分析。结果表明:CFS系统对东亚整体大气环流逐日预报的可靠时效为5 d左右,60°N以北的对流层中高层高度场预报系统性偏低,而在40°~60°N则为系统性偏高。系统性误差随预报时间的延长而增加,但10 d以上预报的系统性误差大小和空间分布逐渐趋于稳定;CFS系统对低频分量的延伸期预报技巧好于对其整体大气环流的预报技巧,并且在典型持续性暴雨过程中,CFS系统对影响强降水过程的主要环流系统低频振荡特征有一定预报能力。     

浅谈云天观测与天气系统变化

<正>1引言看云可以认识天气变化,掌握云的演变规律,更加有利于对天气变化的预报。通过云的观测可判断当时大气层结状态、天气系统等,这些都与未来天气变化有着密切关系。一定的大气层结、天气系统有一定的云系分布和演变规律。通过看云在一定程度上可以判定本站处于天气系统的位置,系统的强弱,     

GTS1型数字式电子探空仪基值测定过程中故障分析及处理

对探空仪施放前最重要的工作——基值测定中出现的问题及成因作出阐述,通过实例提出相应的应对措施,从而为各地在进行高空综合探测时提供参考。     

1977—2007年影响南海的热带气旋强度变化特征

应用东京台风中心(RSMC Tokyo)提供的1977—2007年影响南海的热带气旋(TC)最佳路径资料,统计分析了影响南海的不同初始强度的TC强度变化的时空分布特征,以及迅速加强(RI)和缓慢加强(SI)样本的大尺度统计特征。主要结果为:(1)热带风暴(TS)和强热带风暴(STS)以增强和稳定为主,台风(TY)减弱为主。初始强度越强,增强观测次数越少,变化率越小;减弱观测次数越多,变化率越大。(2)00时(世界时,下同)增强样本最多,增强率最大,12时减弱样本最多,减弱率最大。(3)增强状态下,南海东北部TS最多,中东部STS最多,中部TY最多。减弱样本分布在我国海南岛、越南近岸以东洋面、菲律宾近海以西洋面,TS和STS在南海中部有部分减弱样本。(4)7、9和10月RI样本较多。RI样本的平均纬度偏南,垂直切变相对较小,200 hPa纬向风东风分量稍弱,15.4 m/s风圈半径更小。SI样本的海温略高。