对福建李坊重晶石矿床成因的新认识——来自矿石构造、矿物学和流体包裹体的证据

福建李坊重晶石矿床是东南沿海地区发现的一个大型独立重晶石矿床,已有30余年的开采历史,在沉积重晶石矿床中占有重要地位,然而对该矿床的成因和成矿时代仍众说纷纭。本文通过对福建李坊重晶石矿床中矿石组构的野外调查、电子探针分析和重晶石的流体包裹体测温,取得如下发现和认识:①首次在重晶石矿石中发现了管孔状构造、角砾状构造、蜂窝状构造等热水喷流通道相沉积构造;②首次在重晶石矿石中发现具有热水成因指示意义的同生钡冰长石矿物;③140个重晶石的流体包裹体均一温度值为89.3～208.5℃,均值为162.7℃,表明李坊重晶石矿床属于低温热水沉积矿床;综合矿石构造、矿物学和流体包裹体测温等证据,提出李坊重晶石矿床为"白烟囱型"热水沉积矿床的新认识,为华南地区早古生代热水沉积矿床的研究和找矿勘探提供了重要新资料。     

闽江河口湿地典型植物群落及交错带植硅体碳分布特征研究

湿地既是"碳汇"也是"碳源",研究发现,碳可以被长久稳定地封存在植硅体内,不同植物的植硅体封存碳的能力有明显差异。选取闽江河口鳝鱼滩湿地芦苇群落、短叶茳芏群落、互花米草群落及交错带为研究对象,研究这3种植物植硅体碳(Phytolith-Occluded Carbon,简称PhytOC)含量和储量的空间变化特征和影响因素,探讨PhytOC含量在纯群落和交错带的差异,为研究植物竞争和碳循环过程提供依据。结果表明:受水文条件、植物生长和空间扩展等影响,闽江河口湿地植物PhytOC含量整体表现为近岸区高于近海区,PhytOC储量表现为纯群落高于交错带。PhytOC含量依次表现为芦苇纯群落(4.14 mg/g) > 交错带芦苇(3.67 mg/g) > 与芦苇交错的短叶茳芏(3.08 mg/g) > 互花米草纯群落(2.70 mg/g) > 与互花米草交错的短叶茳芏(1.96 mg/g) > 交错带互花米草(1.86 mg/g) > 短叶茳芏纯群落(1.75 mg/g)。短叶茳芏与芦苇相互扩展中短叶茳芏植物整体及各器官PhytOC含量均升高,而与互花米草相互扩展时短叶茳芏除了根系、茎以外各器官PhytOC含量均下降。3种植物各器官在交错带中PhytOC储量分配比明显不同于纯群落,根系PhytOC储量的分配比上升,提高了根系竞争力。芦苇、短叶茳芏、互花米草通过植硅体封存的碳储量分别占植物碳储量的0.27%、0.15%和0.07%,但植物间的扩展过程影响了植物的PhytOC储量,其中短叶茳芏与互花米草形成的交错带中短叶茳芏下降幅度最高(56.29%),互花米草下降幅度最低(26.15%)。由此可见,植物的空间扩展对植物PhytOC含量、储量以及在不同器官的分配比都有一定的影响,短叶茳芏在与芦苇和互花米草竞争时分别采取不同的PhytOC分配机制。     

全新世以来毛乌素沙地东南缘成壤环境演变研究——以榆林镇北台为例

古土壤是重建古环境重要的信息源。毛乌素沙地东南缘的古土壤在发育程度上尚未有明确解释。陕西省榆林市的镇北台地区位于毛乌素沙地东南边缘,对气候响应敏感。本文选取厚度为524 cm的镇北台(ZBT)剖面,按照古土壤2 cm、风成砂5 cm的间隔共采集古土壤样品156个,风成砂样品58个。基于6个AMS14C和3个OSL年代样品,推测剖面古土壤底部年龄为10 cal.ka B.P.,顶部年龄为3.2 cal.ka B.P.;并结合土壤微形态特征,对镇北台剖面沉积物中常量元素特征与成壤强度进行分析探讨。结果表明,镇北台(ZBT)剖面常量元素组成以SiO2、Al2O3和Na2O为主。CIA指数指示剖面处于脱Ca、Na为主的初级风化阶段,反映了毛乌素沙地东南缘全新世以来可能以相对干旱的气候环境为主,风化成壤作用较弱,但其中也不乏幅度较小的冷暖气候旋回。土壤微形态特征也表明ZBT剖面风化程度较弱,主要矿物由石英、长石、云母和岩屑矿物构成,可见胶结物和泥岩岩屑等土壤形成物。其成壤强度变化与化学元素特征表现一致:10.0~8.1 cal.ka B.P.左右,成壤较弱,气候向暖湿转变;6.9 cal.ka B.P.左右,成壤作用稍有加强;5.5~3.7 cal.ka B.P.左右,成壤作用最强,气候相对暖湿,化学、生物风化加强,但此阶段具有明显的不稳定性.     

东北地区湿度梯度下的表土植硅体的空间分布规律

植硅体的现代过程研究是恢复古环境的基础,探讨表土植硅体分布及组合特征对环境因子的响应尤为重要。沿中国东北地区年均温为4 ℃等温线采集70块表土样品,研究了单一温度因素控制下表土植硅体的空间分布规律,以期获得不同类型植硅体对降水的响应。研究结果表明:所有表土样品中植硅体丰富且数量较多,主要有棒型、尖型、块状、扇型、扁平状、短鞍型、帽型、哑铃型、齿型、三棱柱型、导管型、硅质突起、硅化气孔、弓型和多面表皮植硅体;且主要以短细胞、棒型、尖型为主,其平均百分含量之和高达80.77%,块状、扁平状、扇型次之,其他类型的植硅体含量较少。方差分析结果表明:棒型、三棱柱型、硅质突起、哑铃型和扁平状在大兴安岭、松嫩平原和长白山之间存在显著性差异,且棒型、三棱柱型、硅质突起的百分含量与年降水量具有极显著的正相关性,哑铃型的百分含量与年降水量具有极显著的负相关性。总之,年均温为4 ℃等温线上70块表土样品中植硅体类型基本相同,但不同类型植硅体的百分含量存在差异,说明本研究区域内表土植硅体组合特征对降水的响应较为敏感。     

水库水体二氧化碳分压研究进展

天然水体中存在同化二氧化碳(CO2)的光合作用,也存在释放CO2的微生物呼吸过程。地球表层水体与大气之间的CO2交换构成全球碳循环的一个重要环节。水-气之间CO2交换的方向和通量主要受大气圈和水体表层CO2分压(pCO2)的制约。水体pCO2值可以通过对近水面气体成分变化过程的现场仪器检测或者根据测定的水体化学参数运用经验公式计算求得。迄今对陆地水体,尤其河流筑坝形成的"蓄水河流"(下称水库)水体CO2动态研究中,由于水域及其近表层大气成分的时空多变,一般采用水化学参数计算方法求得水体的pCO2值。全球约70.97%的水库表层水体pCO2高于大气pCO2。全球尺度上水库表层水体pCO2自热带向寒温带逐渐递减;单个水库水体的pCO2一般呈现"出库>入库>库中"、pCO2随深度而增加的变化规律。水库表层水体pCO2的时间变化一般表现为"冬季>夏季、消融期>冰冻期、黑夜>白天"。水库水体的pCO2是其水化学平衡的结果,受水温、水体pH、水生生物活动以及外来水体的混合等多种因素影响,变化较为复杂。为精确量化水库水-气界面CO2交换通量,水文学、湖沼学、生态学和地球化学等领域的学者有必要合作,共同努力进行水库流域尺度的实地观测,完善水体溶解无机碳计算模型,深入探讨水库水体碳动力学机制,为全球碳循环研究和气候变化预测提供可靠的基础数据。     

Experiment on Coordinated Observation of Offshore Typhoon in China

The lack of sufficient direct observation data of typhoon fine structure is the main bottleneck that restricts the further development of typhoon discipline and forecasting. This paper briefly introduced the basic information of the National Key R&D Program of China, entitled “Experiment on Coordinated Observation of Offshore Typhoon in China”, which started in early 2019. Firstly, the importance and necessity of the program around the national needs on typhoon-related disaster reduction and prevention were explained. Then, the coordinated observation difficulties and frontiers in the current typhoon discipline situation from the development and improvement of the physical mechanism and key forecasting technologies were shown. The overview of the direct observation instrument and platform, the field campaign and the parameterization techniques related to physical process in typhoon numerical modeling was provided. Finally, the key scientific and technical issues and main research contents of the program were given.     

鲁西齐河地区铁矿控矿特征及找矿标志

山东省齐河县境内发育有矽卡岩型铁矿,近年来该区铁矿勘查和研究工作取得了较大进展。本文通过对研究区内铁矿勘查研究成果进行统计分析,旨在对其控矿特征和找矿标志进行探讨来促进该区铁矿找矿工作。研究区内铁矿控矿地层为奥陶纪碳酸盐岩和石炭纪-二叠纪碎屑岩地层,成矿地质体为燕山晚期中基性侵入岩体;铁矿体主要赋存于地层和岩体的接触带处,且在碳酸盐岩、碎屑岩地层中和侵入岩体中也赋存有部分铁矿体。区内铁矿体赋存类型多样,其中以接触带赋存式为主,且含有断裂充填式、层间充填式、裂隙贯入式、捕虏体构造式等。铁矿体形态复杂,呈层状、似层状、囊状、透镜状等;矿床典型蚀变分带特征为闪长岩带-蚀变闪长岩带-内矽卡岩带-铁矿体-外矽卡岩带-大理岩化带-灰岩带。该区成矿作用以接触扩散交代作用、接触渗滤交代作用为主,此外还有富矿热液充填作用等。研究区内铁矿找矿标志主要包括地层标志（奥陶纪碳酸盐岩和石炭纪-二叠纪碎屑岩地层）、岩体标志（中基性侵入岩体,且发育有钠长石化的蚀变闪长岩）、构造标志（地层与岩体接触带、构造交汇部位、层间滑脱部位、脆性裂隙部位等）、围岩蚀变标志（磁铁矿化、矽卡岩化、钠长石化、蛇纹石化、金云母化等与成矿关系密切）、地球物理标志（明显的高值磁异常和化极磁异常部位、重力异常梯度带和高-低电阻转换带）。在今后铁矿勘查过程中,需要在综合研究该区控矿特征的基础上,可利用多种找矿标志进行相互配合、互为补充和综合研究,以期达到预期勘查效果。     

Influence of initial state and intermediate principal stress on undrained behavior of soft clay during pure principal stress rotation

It is important to be fully aware of the dynamic characteristics of saturated soft clays under complex loading conditions in practice. In this paper, a series of undrained tests for soft clay consolidated with different initial major principal stress direction ξ were conducted by a hollow cylinder apparatus (HCA). The clay samples were subjected to pure principal stress rotation as the magnitudes of the mean total stress p, intermediate principal stress coefficient b, and deviator stress q were all maintained constant. The influences of intermediate principal stress coefficient and initial major principal stress direction on the variation of strain components, generation of pore water pressure, cyclic degradation and non-coaxiality were investigated. The experimental observations indicated that the strain components of specimen were affected by both intermediate principal stress coefficient and initial major principal stress direction. The generation of the pore water pressure was significantly influenced by intermediate principal stress coefficient. However, the generation of pore water pressure was merely influenced by initial major principal stress direction when b?=?0.5. It was also noted that the torsional stress–strain relationships were affected by the number of cycles, and the effect of intermediate principal stress coefficient and initial major principal stress direction on the torsional stress–strain loops were also significant. Stiffness degradation occur under pure principal stress rotation. Anisotropic behavior resulting from the process of inclined consolidation have considerable effects on the strain components and non-coaxial behavior of soft clay.

     

Hydromechanical behavior of unsaturated soil with different initial densities over a wide suction range

Acta Geotechnica - Many civil engineering projects are related to hydromechanical behavior of unsaturated soils over a wide suction range, which was investigated by imposing suctions on clayey silt...     

Open-source support toward validating and falsifying discrete mechanics models using synthetic granular materials—Part I: Experimental tests with particles manufactured by a 3D printer

Acta Geotechnica - This article presents a new test prototype that leverages the 3D printing technique to create artificial particle assembles to provide auxiliary evidences that supports the...