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41.
42.
Goro Komatsu Gian Gabriele Ori Marco Cardinale James M. Dohm Victor R. Baker David A. Vaz Ryo Ishimaru Noriyuki Namiki Takafumi Matsui 《Planetary and Space Science》2011,59(2-3):169-181
We discuss in this paper possible roles of methane and carbon dioxide in geological processes on Mars. These volatiles in the martian crust may migrate upward from their sources either directly or via various traps (structural, sedimentary, ground ice, gas hydrates). They are then likely emitted to the atmosphere by seepage or through diverse vent structures. Though gas hydrates have never been directly detected on Mars, theoretical studies favor their presence in the crust and polar caps; they could have played an important role as significant gas reservoirs in the subsurface. The martian gas hydrates would possibly be a binary system of methane and carbon dioxide occupying clathrate cavities. Landforms such as mud volcanoes with well-known linkage to gas venting are extensively distributed on Earth, and methane is the primary gas involved. Thus, identification of these landforms on Mars could suggest that methane and possibly carbon dioxide have contributed to geological processes of the planet. For example, we present a newly identified field in Chryse Planitia where features closely resembling terrestrial mud volcanoes occur widely, though with no observable activity. We also present results of a preliminary search for possible recent or present-day, methane-emission zones in the regions over which enrichments of atmospheric methane have been reported. 相似文献
43.
Sediment thickness was evaluated on the western flank of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) at 45°S, based on high-resolution seismic data gathered during cruise 213/2 of R/V Sonne in 2011. Two zones with distinctly different sediment thickness were identified, separated by a transitional zone bordering a pseudo-fault. Sediment in the more distal zone 2 is almost twice as thick (~120 m) as in zone 1 close to the EPR. This is in contrast to the expected progressive sedimentary column thickening with seafloor age and distance from the spreading axis. The younger of two seismic units detected within the sedimentary column (EPR-2) occurs mainly in the distal zone on crust older than 9 Ma, whereas on younger crust it is present only in small isolated bodies. Both sedimentary units drape the basement. The drape is interpreted to represent particle settling from suspension and a generally low regional primary productivity. The spatial variation in sediment thickness cannot be explained by existing models, and other processes considered in the present case are (1) higher productivity in the western sector of the survey area, where thicker sediments were observed (zone 2), (2) the formation of sediment drifts near basement highs (‘seamount effect’), due to flow of Lower Circumpolar Deep Water affecting sediment deposition, and (3) erosion and/or non-deposition of the younger EPR-2 unit, due to elevated bed shear stresses associated with eddies transferring kinetic energy to the seafloor 相似文献
44.
Gabriele Procaccini Sven Beer Mats Björk Jeanine Olsen Silvia Mazzuca Rui Santos 《Marine Ecology》2012,33(4):522-527
In March 2011, the Ecophysiology and Genetics Working Groups of the European Science Foundation COST Action ES 0906, entitled Seagrass Productivity: From Genes to Ecosystem Management, organized an exploratory workshop entitled “Linking Ecophysiology and Ecogenomics in Seagrass Systems”. The goal of the workshop was to discuss how to integrate comparative gene expression studies with physiological processes such as photosynthetic performance, carbon and nitrogen utilization and environmental adaptation. The main questions discussed for integrative research related to mechanisms of carbon utilization, light requirements, temperature effects and natural variation in pH and ocean acidification. It was concluded that the seagrass research community is still in the nascent stages of linking ecophysiology with genomic responses, as carbon and nitrogen metabolism of seagrasses have not been sufficiently well studied. Likewise, genomic approaches have only been able to assign meaningful interpretations to a handful of differentially expressed genes. Nevertheless, the way forward has been established. 相似文献
45.
Roberto De Ferrari Gabriele Ferretti Simone Barani Daniele Spallarossa 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2010
This paper presents a comprehensive ground response study for the municipality of Villa Collemandina in Northern Tuscany (Italy). This site was selected following a macroseismic analysis of the 1920 Garfagnana earthquake (Mw=6.5), which, at Villa Collemandina, produced damage and losses that were larger than at any other site near the earthquake epicentre, thus indicating the presence of possible site effects. Hence, both experimental and numerical methods are applied in order to investigate the ground response at different locations within the Villa Collemandina municipality. Results obtained from the spectral analysis of earthquake recordings using the reference site method and those from a 2-dimensional dynamic simulation reveal the presence of site effects due to the buried geomorphology (basin-like effects), allowing us to explain the severe damage and losses produced by the 1920 Garfagnana earthquake. As a further result, horizontal to vertical spectral ratio techniques and 1D soil modelling are proved to be inadequate for an effective characterization of the ground response at sites that, like Villa Collemandina, present a complex local geology. 相似文献
46.
Chiara Turino Paola Morasca Gabriele Ferretti Davide Scafidi Daniele Spallarossa 《Journal of Seismology》2010,14(2):393-411
Reliable automatic procedure for locating earthquake in quasi-real time is strongly needed for seismic warning system, earthquake
preparedness, and producing shaking maps. The reliability of an automatic location algorithm is influenced by several factors
such as errors in picking seismic phases, network geometry, and velocity model uncertainties. The main purpose of this work
is to investigate the performances of different automatic procedures to choose the most suitable one to be applied for the
quasi-real-time earthquake locations in northwestern Italy. The reliability of two automatic-picking algorithms (one based
on the Characteristic Function (CF) analysis, CF picker, and the other one based on the Akaike’s information criterion (AIC),
AIC picker) and two location methods (“Hypoellipse” and “NonLinLoc” codes) is analysed by comparing the automatically determined
hypocentral coordinates with reference ones. Reference locations are computed by the “Hypoellipse” code considering manually
revised data and tested using quarry blasts. The comparison is made on a dataset composed by 575 seismic events for the period
2000–2007 as recorded by the Regional Seismic network of Northwestern Italy. For P phases, similar results, in terms of both
amount of detected picks and magnitude of travel time differences with respect to manual picks, are obtained applying the
AIC and the CF picker; on the contrary, for S phases, the AIC picker seems to provide a significant greater number of readings
than the CF picker. Furthermore, the “NonLinLoc” software (applied to a 3D velocity model) is proved to be more reliable than
the “Hypoellipse” code (applied to layered 1D velocity models), leading to more reliable automatic locations also when outliers
(wrong picks) are present. 相似文献
47.
Maurizio?Romanelli Francesco?Di BenedettoEmail author Laura?Bartali Massimo?Innocenti Gabriele?Fornaciai Giordano?Montegrossi Luca?A.?Pardi Alfonso?Zoleo Fabio?Capacci 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2012,39(6):479-490
A set of raw industrial materials, that is, pure quartz and quartz-rich mixtures, were investigated through electron paramagnetic
resonance and electron spin echo-envelope modulation spectroscopies, with the aim of evaluating the effective role played
by defect centres and of assessing whether they can be used to monitor changes in the physical properties of quartz powders
with reference to their health effects. The obtained results point to two interactions of the Al defect centres with H+, hosted in sites within the channels parallel and perpendicular to the c axis of quartz, respectively. These two Al/H+ (hAl) centres exhibit a weak chemical bond, and their relative amounts appear to be modified/controlled by the thermo-mechanical
processes underwent by powders. Indeed, a mechanically promoted inter-conversion between the two kinds of site is suggested.
As a consequence, the hAl centres are effective in monitoring even modest activations of powders, through thermal or mechanical processes, and they
are also supposed to play a specific, relevant role in quartz reactivity during the considered industrial processes. 相似文献
48.
49.
Francesco Di Benedetto Daniele Borrini Andrea Caneschi Gabriele Fornaciai Massimo Innocenti Alessandro Lavacchi Carlo Andrea Massa Giordano Montegrossi Werner Oberhauser Luca A. Pardi Maurizio Romanelli 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2011,38(6):483-490
An extensive characterisation of the magnetic properties of synthetic powders of kuramite, with formal composition Cu3SnS4, was performed. Powders were investigated through superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), scanning and transmission electron microscopies (SEM and TEM) and microanalysis. SEM and TEM reveal the presence of nanodimensioned particles. XRPD clearly shows that Cu3SnS4 crystallised in a cubic sphalerite-type structural model, in spite of the stannite-type tetragonal structure described for the natural phase. This difference arises from a full random distribution of cations. Synthetic kuramite nanopowders exhibit a marked paramagnetism, originated by the presence of Cu(II), definitely assessed by EPR measurements. Moreover, the overall magnetic behaviour of the sample cannot be simply ascribed to diluted paramagnetism, and this suggests the presence of strong superexchange interactions among Cu(II) ions even at room temperature. The main consequences of these results are the definitive assessment of the chemical formula Cu(I)2Cu(II)SnS4 and of a random distribution of Cu(II), Cu(I) and Sn(IV) ions within the available tetrahedral sites. 相似文献
50.
In the quantitative evaluation of radar-rainfall products (maps), rain gauge data are generally used as a good approximation of the true ground rainfall. However, rain gauges provide accurate measurements for a specific location, while radar estimates represent areal averages. Because these sampling discrepancies could introduce noise into the comparisons between these two sensors, they need to be accounted for. In this study, the spatial sampling error is defined as the ratio between the measurements by a single rain gauge and the true areal rainfall, defined as the value obtained by averaging the measurements by an adequate number of gauges within a pixel. Using a non-parametric scheme, the authors characterize its full statistical distribution for several spatial (4, 16 and 36 km2) and temporal (15 min and hourly) scales. 相似文献