Vertical structures of PM10 and PM 2.5 and their dynamical character in low atmosphere in Beijing urban areas

The vertical structures and their dynamical character of PM2.5 and PM10 over Beijing urban areas are revealed using the 1 min mean continuous mass concentration data of PM2.5 and PM10 at 8, 100, and 320 m heights of the meteorological observation tower of 325 m at Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IAP CAS tower hereafter) on 10―26 August, 2003, as well as the daily mean mass concentration data of PM2.5 and PM10 and the continuous data of CO and NO2 at 8, 100 (low layer), 200 (middle layer), and 320 m (high layer) heights, in combination with the same period meteorological field observation data of the meteorological tower. The vertical distributions of aerosols observed on IAP CAS tower in Beijing can be roughly divided into two patterns: gradually and rapidly decreasing patterns, I.e. The vertical distribution of aerosols in calm weather or on pollution day belongs to the gradually decreasing pattern, while one on clean day or weak cold air day belongs to the rapidly decreasing pattern. The vertical distributive characters of aerosols were closely related with the dynamical/thermal structure and turbulence character of the atmosphere boundary layer. On the clean day, the low layer PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were close to those at 8 m height, while the concentrations rapidly decreased at the high layer, and their values were only one half of those at 8 m, especially, the concentration of PM2.5 dropped even more. On the clean day, there existed stronger turbulence below 150 m, aerosols were well mixed, but blocked by the more stronger inversion layer aloft, and meanwhile, at various heights, especially in the high layer, the horizontal wind speed was larger, resulting in the rapid decrease of aerosol concentration, I.e. Resulting in the obvious vertical difference of aerosol concentrations between the low and high layers. On the pollution day, the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 at the low, middle, and high layers dropped successively by, on average, about 10% for each layer in comparison with those at 8 m height. On pollution days, in company with the low wind speed, there existed two shallow inversion layers in the boundary layer, but aerosols might be, to some extent, mixed below the inversion layer, therefore, on the pollution day the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 dropped with height slowly; and the observational results also show that the concentrations at 320 m height were obviously high under SW and SE winds, but at other heights, the concentrations were not correlated with wind directions. The computational results of footprint analysis suggest that this was due to the fact that the 320 m height was impacted by the pollutants transfer of southerly flow from the southern peripheral heavier polluted areas, such as Baoding, and Shijiazhuang of Hebei Province, Tianjin, and Shandong Province, etc., while the low layer was only affected by Beijing's local pollution source. The computational results of power spectra and periods preliminarily reveal that under the condition of calm weather, the periods of PM10 concentration at various heights of the tower were on the order of minutes, while in cases of larger wind speed, the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 at 320 m height not only had the short periods of minute-order, but also the longer periods of hour order. Consistent with the conclusion previously drawn by Ding et al., that air pollutants at different heights and at different sites in Beijing had the character of "in-phase" variation, was also observed for the diurnal variation and mean diurnal variation of PM2.5 and PM10 at various heights of the tower in this experiment, again confirming the "in-phase" temporal/spatial distributive character of air pollutants in the urban canopy of Beijing. The gentle double-peak character of the mean diurnal variation of PM2.5 and PM10 was closely related with the evident/similar diurnal variation of turbulent momentum fluxes, sensible heat fluxes, and turbulent kinetic energy at various heights in the urban canopy. Besides, under the condition of calm weather, the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 declined with height slowly, it was 90% of 8 m concentration at the low layer, a little lesser than 90% at the middle layer, and 80% at the high layer, respectively. Under the condition of weak cold air weather, the concentration remarkably dropped with height, it was 70% of 8 m concentration at the low layer, and 20%―30% at the middle and high layers, especially the concentration of PM2.5 was even lower.     

海沟影响下深水海洋管线成环行为研究

在深水海洋管线的安装过程中,制造工艺的偏差和外部环境的影响易导致管线上不均匀的扭矩分布,在张力的共同作用下,管线在其触地区可能出现“成环”现象,受到严重损伤,而海洋管线的触地区也是海沟集中形成的区域。为了研究海沟对海洋管线成环行为的影响,基于OrcaFlex软件和构建海沟模型的经验公式,建立了深水悬链线立管和海沟的三维数值模型。就海沟轮廓、位置和土壤属性对立管成环行为的影响展开参数分析,并研究了不同工况下成环的临界载荷。研究表明：海沟的产生和扩展、立管相对海沟的合理位置以及土壤参数中海床表面不排水抗剪强度和吸力因子的增加,可有效降低立管成环过程中的最大压缩力和最大弯矩,从而减少成环引起的损伤;临界载荷的分析则有助于对成环的临界条件进行预测,避免成环现象的发生。     

深海无人系统大长径比环肋圆柱壳结构设计与试验研究

环肋圆柱壳是深海无人系统广泛采用的一种耐压结构形式,保障其结构安全是系统研制过程中非常重要的一环。针对环肋圆柱壳的结构特征推导了组合结构重量关系式和结构参数简化估算方法,并以一种超长型深海无人系统耐压结构为例,围绕大长径比环肋圆柱壳的结构形式、设计计算、仿真分析、模型验证等开展研究。研究表明提出的大长径比环肋圆柱壳结构设计参数简化估算方法具有较好的适应性。相关计算和分析结果可以为该型深海无人系统结构设计提供技术支撑,也可以为其他类似耐压结构设计提供参考。     

祁连山中部亚高山草地土壤呼吸及其组分研究

草地碳通量组分的区分及其与环境因子的关系是了解生态系统碳循环的重要环节。于2013年6-8月在祁连山中部亚高山草地开展了土壤呼吸及其组分研究,利用根去除法区分根系自养呼吸和土壤微生物异养呼吸。采用LI-8100土壤碳通量系统测定生态系统呼吸、土壤呼吸及土壤微生物呼吸速率,同时测定10cm处土壤温度和5cm处土壤湿度。分析呼吸速率和环境因子的昼夜变化动态,自养呼吸和异养呼吸速率占土壤呼吸速率的比例,呼吸速率与土壤温湿度及与生物量的关系。结果表明：生态系统呼吸、土壤呼吸和土壤微生物呼吸速率的日变化趋势均呈单峰型曲线,具体表现为生态系统呼吸（11.07μmol · m^-2 ·s^-1）>土壤呼吸（6.31μmol·m^-2·s^-1）>异养呼吸（4.92μmol·m^-2 ·s^-1）>自养呼吸（1.39μmol·m^-2·s^-1）;自养和异养呼吸速率分别占土壤呼吸速率的22.03%和77.97%;呼吸速率与10cm处土壤温度呈指数相关,Q₁₀值排序为：土壤微生物呼吸（Q₁₀=3.74）>土壤呼吸（Q₁₀=2.76）>生态系统呼吸（Q₁₀=2.49）,呼吸速率与5cm处土壤湿度呈显著线性负相关关系,双因素模型明显提高了呼吸速率与温湿度的相关性,能够分别解释土壤微生物呼吸,土壤呼吸和生态系统呼吸速率变异的89%,79%和62%;地上生物量和呼吸速率之间存在显著线性正相关关系,地下生物量与呼吸速率之间呈二次回归关系（P=0.01）,未刈割草地呼吸速率大于刈割草地土壤呼吸速率,刈割一年的土壤呼吸速率大于刈割两年的土壤呼吸速率。     

THE APPLICATION OF IMAGE-BASED MODELING IN PALEOEARTHQUAKE TRENCH STUDY

The geological structure exposed by paleoearthquake trenches is the key material to the right cognition of fault activity and paleoearthquake. However, paleoearthquake trenching inevitably destroys active tectonic geomorphic evidence and trench exposures are usually difficult to reserve. The conventional process of recording the delicate geological information, manually constructing photomosaics by image-editing software, is time-consuming and produces undesirable artificial distortions. Herein, we explored the process of constructing trench orthophotomosaics and the 3D image model using the Image-based Modeling technology and applied it to the Liutiaohe trench across the Tianqiaogou-Huangyangchuan Fault, Gansu Province. Based on the 3D image modeling and orthophotomosaic, we firstly constructed the control points and scale bars on cleaned trench walls and collected photos of all sections of the trench with a digital camera in the field, and then reconstructed the 3D model of the trench through the Agisoft PhotoScan, an efficient image-based modeling software, and finally yielded the 3D image model of the trench and othophotomasaics of the trench exposures. The results show that the automated workflow can produce seamless, sub-millimeter-level high-resolution photomosaics more quickly, with precision in the centimeter range, and the 3D image model is of great help to identify strata and geological structures in trenches with much lower capital and labor costs and low expertise levels compared with LiDAR, meanwhile, the 3D archive benefits the share and communication and even allows future reinterpreting the site using new insights.     

三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)CYP2基因的cDNA克隆及表达分析

通过RT-PCR及Smart?TM Race技术,首次克隆了三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)CYP2基因cDNA全长序列。该基因cDNA全长1662bp,编码一个由492个氨基酸组成的多肽,预测理论等电点为6.348,分子量大小为56.68kD。氨基酸序列中含有CYP基因家族所特有的K螺旋保守序列(ExxR)和血红素结合区(FxxGxxxCxG)。经氨基酸序列比对及系统进化树分析发现,与岸蟹(Carcinus maenas)的同源性最高,达到75%。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,CYP2基因在肝胰腺、鳃、肌肉、血淋巴、心脏和眼柄中均有分布,在肝胰腺中表达量最高。肌肉注射磺胺嘧啶后,三疣梭子蟹高、中、低三剂量组CYP2基因表达较对照组都有上调,并具有时间差异性,低剂量组表达量逐渐降低,趋于对照组,中剂量组和高剂量组表达量先升高后降低,6h后同一时间点,均是高剂量组表达最高,低剂量组最低。表明磺胺嘧啶可诱导三疣梭子蟹CYP2基因,CYP2基因可能参与三疣梭子蟹的药物代谢反应。     

A10/35绝对重力仪测试及性能分析

A10型绝对重力仪用于测量重力加速度(g),具有高精度、便携式和易操作等优点。介绍了A10的基本原理,并与FG5型重力仪进行了对比分析。基于A10/35绝对重力仪的室内和野外测量数据,分析了该仪器的稳定性和影响测量精度的主要因素。测试结果表明,不同环境下该仪器测量组间离散度均小于10×10-8ms-2,仪器性能稳定可靠。最后提出了实际使用的具体建议。     

微气候能量分析法在岩土工程分析中的应用

随气候条件而变化的边界条件的确定是岩土工程中非饱和土数值分析的一个难题。介绍了农业学中的土与大气相互作用分析中的一些应用较为广泛的方法,并采用空气动力学法和微气候能量平衡法相结合的方法确定土-气界面的边界状态,分析了法国鲁昂试验路堤的路堤填土与大气在2005年1月的能量交换,以及在此期间填土内的温度、含水率和吸力的变化,并与实测结果进行了对比。结果表明,农业学中所采用的能量平衡以及能量计算方法可以有效地应用于岩土工程非饱和土的数值分析中,解决随气候而变化的边界条件的确定问题。     

四川道孚八美糜棱岩石林形态特征及综合评价

八美石林是在青藏高原东侧首次发现的、国内唯一的糜棱岩石林,可与南方喀斯特石林景观相媲美,在地质成因和自然环境等方面具有特殊性。对石林形态的划分,尤其是对糜棱岩石林形态的划分,国内目前还没有统一的标准。本文从糜棱岩石林的地貌形态、相对高差及旅游美学的角度,将八美糜棱岩石林初步划分为尖棱状、刀刃状、石墙、石柱、石槽、金字塔状及钟状等七种类型,这对研究糜棱岩石林的成因及综合评价具有重要意义。