Influencing Factors of the Rebreak of the Key Rock Block of the Main Roof in the Gob

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - In view of the phenomenon that upright triangular zone and inverted triangular zone of the collapsed roof appeared alternately in the gob, a mechanical...     

承德地震前兆台网数据跟踪分析

简要介绍承德地震前兆台网2014—2017年数据跟踪分析工作,对常见典型干扰事件进行分类统计,分析影响制约承德前兆台网观测数据质量的主要因素,为进一步提高数据分析能力与观测资料质量提供有效的技术参考及应对措施。     

兰州不同时期黄土有机质碳同位素与气候的关系

基于兰州九州台黄土剖面的土壤有机质δ13C分析,讨论了兰州地区末次间冰期和全新世2个时期气候以及地表植被的变化特征.结果表明,该地区末次间冰期δ13C变化范围为-29.97‰～-25.52‰,平均值为-27.79‰;全新世δ13C变化范围在-20.82～-34.40‰之间,平均值为-28.99‰.从δ13C平均值来看,该地区在以上两个时期地表植被主要为C3植物.末次间冰期九州台剖面δ13C表现出3峰夹2谷的特征与同一时期深海SPECMAP曲线有着良好的对应,表明了该时期兰州地区的气候变化与全球是一致的,全新世土壤有机质δ13C所反映出的3个不同的变化阶段对应于早、中、晚全新世阶段.结合黄土高原其他剖面相应时期的土壤有机质δ13C的研究结果,我们观察到陕西关中地区的黄土剖面末次间冰期和全新世土壤有机质δ13C要大于黄土高原西部的兰州等地区,气候差异引起的地表植被中C3、C4植物比例不同是造成两地区土壤有机质δ13C差异的主要因素.研究结果表明,黄土高原土壤有机质δ13C是揭示该地区气候变化的一个良好代用指标.     

1979-2016年我国东北地区空中水汽状况及变化趋势分析

水汽是形成云和降水的物质基础,与全球水分循环和能量平衡密切相关,对天气和气候具有重要影响。基于NCEP/NCAR月值再分析资料,综合分析我国东北地区上空不同高度层位比湿的气候学特征和长期趋势变化,同时分析了整层积分水汽通量的季节变化。结果表明：东北地区空中水汽集中分布于500 hPa以下,1979年至20世纪末低层比湿呈增加趋势,2000年后转为缓慢下降,但2012年以来波动回升。此外,东北地区比湿及水汽通量季节差异明显,夏季水汽含量最多,冬季最少,秋季多于春季;东北地区水汽含量最大值出现于7月,最低值出现在每年12月至次年1月。水汽来源受东亚季风系统影响明显,夏季水汽源地主要为南海,渤海和黄海对东北地区夏季水汽也有一定贡献;其他季节水汽主要来源于西风带输送。     

JOPENS数据库的平滑迁移

由于现使用的测震软件JOPENS系统是建立在MySQL数据库上的,MySQL数据库是面对中小型企业的开源数据库,其性能与稳定性都不及现在主流Oracle。阐述了在MetaMatrix的基础上,实现JOPENS数据库从MySQL到Oracle的平滑迁移。     

2.5D direct‐current resistivity forward modelling and inversion by finite‐element–infinite‐element coupled method

To reduce the numerical errors arising from the improper enforcement of the artificial boundary conditions on the distant surface that encloses the underground part of the subsurface, we present a finite‐element–infinite‐element coupled method to significantly reduce the computation time and memory cost in the 2.5D direct‐current resistivity inversion. We first present the boundary value problem of the secondary potential. Then, a new type of infinite element is analysed and applied to replace the conventionally used mixed boundary condition on the distant boundary. In the internal domain, a standard finite‐element method is used to derive the final system of linear equations. With a novel shape function for infinite elements at the subsurface boundary, the final system matrix is sparse, symmetric, and independent of source electrodes. Through lower upper decomposition, the multi‐pole potentials can be swiftly obtained by simple back‐substitutions. We embed the newly developed forward solution to the inversion procedure. To compute the sensitivity matrix, we adopt the efficient adjoint equation approach to further reduce the computation cost. Finally, several synthetic examples are tested to show the efficiency of inversion.     

Present and projected degree days in China from observation,reanalysis and simulations

Degree days are usually defined as the accumulated daily mean temperature varying with the base temperature, and are one of the most important indicators of climate changes. In this study, the present-day and projected changes of four degree days indices from daily mean surface air temperature output simulated by Max Planck Institute, Earth Systems Model of low resolution (MPI-ESM-LR) model are evaluated with the high resolution gridded-observation dataset and two modern reanalyses in China. During 1979–2005, the heating degree days (HDD) and the numbers of HDD (NHDD) have decreased for observation, reanalyses (ERA-Interim and NCEP/NCAR) and model simulations (historical and decadal experiments), consistent with the increasing cooling degree days (CDD) and the numbers of CDD (NCDD). These changes reflect the general warming in China during the past decades. In most cases, ERA-Interim is closer to observation than NCEP/NCAR and model simulations. There are discrepancies between observation, reanalyses and model simulations in the spatial patterns and regional means. The decadal hindcast/forecast simulation performance of MPI-ESM-LR produce warmer than the observed mean temperature in China during the entire period, and the hindcasts forecast a trend lower than the observed. Under different representative concentration pathway (RCP) emissions scenarios, HDD and NHDD show significant decreases, and CDD and NCDD consistently increase during 2006–2100 under RCP8.5, RCP4.5 and RCP2.6, especially before the mid-21 century. More pronounced changes occur under RCP8.5, which is associated with a high rate of radiative forcing. The 20th century runs reflect the sensitivity to the initial conditions, and the uncertainties in terms of the inter-ensemble are small, whereas the long-term trend is well represented with no differences among ensembles.     

Co–rich Mn crusts from the Magellan Seamount cluster: the long journey through time

The Magellan seamounts began forming as large submarine shield volcanoes south of the equator during the Cretaceous. These volcanoes formed as a cluster on the small Pacific plate in a period when tectonic stress was absent. Thermal subsidence of the seafloor led to sinking of these volcanoes and the formation of guyots as the seamounts crossed the equatorial South Pacific (10–0°S) sequentially and ocean surface temperatures became too high for calcareous organisms to survive. Guyot formation was completed between about 59 and 45 Ma and the guyots became phosphatized at about 39–34 and 27–21 Ma. Ferromanganese crusts began formation as proto-crusts on the seamounts and guyots of the Magellan Seamount cluster towards the end of the Cretaceous up to 55 Ma after the formation of the seamounts themselves. The chemical composition of these crusts evolved over time in a series of steps in response to changes in global climate and ocean circulation. The great thickness of these crusts (up to 15–20 cm) reflects their very long period of growth. The high Co contents of the outer parts of the crusts are a consequence of the increasing deep circulation of the ocean and the resulting deepening of the oxygen minimum zone with time. Growth of the Co-rich Mn crusts in the Magellan Seamount cluster can be considered to be the culmination of a long journey through time.     

黄海中南部近岸海域春季鱼类浮游生物群落空间格局研究

根据2015年春季在黄海中南部近岸海域进行的鱼类浮游生物大型浮游生物网水平拖网数据,采用生态多样性指数和多元统计分析等方法,研究了该海域鱼类浮游生物的种类组成和群落空间格局及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明,本次调查共采集到鱼类浮游生物35种,其中鱼卵21种,仔稚鱼23种。鱼类浮游生物隶属于8目18科34属,优势种为鳀（Engraulis japonicus）、鲬（Platycephalus indicus）、鱼衔属（Callionymus spp.）和小黄鱼（Pseudosciaena polyactis）。其中,鳀和鱼衔属主要分布于海州湾渔场海域,鲬主要分布于吕泗渔场海域,小黄鱼多分布于吕泗渔场北部海域。生态类型包括半咸水型、沿岸型和近海型种类。聚类分析表明,鱼类浮游生物群落可划分为以鱼衔属、鳀为优势种的站位组A（主要分布于海州湾海域）、以小黄鱼、黄鲫（Setipinna taty）等为优势种的站位组B（主要位于江苏沿岸海域）和以鲬为优势种的站位组C（主要位于江苏沿岸-近海海域）,以站位组B的群落物种多样性指数和均匀度指数最高。各站位组的鱼类浮游生物的生态类型和适温类型组成不同,这与其所处的海域生境有关。典范对应分析（CCA）表明,影响春季黄海中南部鱼类浮游生物群落空间结构的主要环境因子为水深和表层温度。同时也受洋流、底质类型等多种因素的综合影响。研究结果初步揭示了黄海中南部近岸海域鱼类浮游生物群落的空间格局,可为今后科学制定该海域水产种质资源保护区、资源量化管理等资源养护管理措施提供科学依据与技术支撑。     

Developing an intermediate-complexity projection model for China's fisheries: A case study of small yellow croaker(Larimichthys polyactis) in the Haizhou Bay,China

Projection models are commonly used to evaluate the impacts of fishing. However, previously developed projection tools were not suitable for China's fisheries as they are either overly complex and data-demanding or too simple to reflect the realistic management measures. Herein, an intermediate-complexity projection model was developed that could adequately describe fish population dynamics and account for management measures including mesh size limits, summer closure, and spatial closure. A two-patch operating model was outlined for the projection model and applied to the heavily depleted but commercially important small yellow croaker(Larimichthys polyactis) fishery in the Haizhou Bay, China, as a case study. The model was calibrated to realistically capture the fisheries dynamics with hindcasting. Three simulation scenarios featuring different fishing intensities based on status quo and maximum sustainable yield(MSY) were proposed and evaluated with projections. Stochastic projections were additionally performed to investigate the influence of uncertainty associated with recruitment strengths and the implementation of control targets. It was found that fishing at FMSY level could effectively rebuild the depleted stock biomass, while the stock collapsed rapidly in the status quo scenario. Uncertainty in recruitment and implementation could result in variabilities in management effects; but they did not much alter the management effects of the FMSY scenario. These results indicate that the lack of science-based control targets in fishing mortality or catch limits has hindered the achievement of sustainable fisheries in China. Overall, the presented work highlights that the developed projection model can promote the understanding of the possible consequences of fishing under uncertainty and is applicable to other fisheries in China.