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101.
The exchange of Ca and Mg between olivine and clinopyroxene has been studied in the CFMS system. Experiments were conducted in a piston-cylinder apparatus in the temperature range of 1,100–1,300° C and the pressure range 10–30 kbar. Results confirm the previous suggestion (Adams and Bishop 1982) that this reaction has a sufficiently large V° to be used as a geobarometer in several basic and ultrabasic systems. Experimental results were corrected for compositional effects using recent activity-composition models for quadrilateral pyroxenes and olivines. The corrected results indicate that the exchange reaction has aH
1 bar of 34,900 J, a S° of -7.25J/deg, and a V° of -0.489 J/bar. Corrected results agree well with calculations based on the thermodynamic properties of the endmembers.Application of the olivine-clinopyroxene geobarometer to many systems will require additional calibration of non CFMS components. Preliminary pressure estimates based on simple assumptions about the activity relations of these components have been made for spinel lherzolites from southwestern United States and coarse and porphyroclastic garnet lherzolites from southern Africa. A geotherm calculated from spinel lherzolites near the Rio Grande rift is consistent with a geophysical geotherm based on near-surface heat-flow measurements of 100 mW/m2 or greater. Results on garnet lherzolites yield a southern African geotherm with no inflection which falls at somewhat higher temperatures than pyroxene geotherms calculated for the same area. 相似文献
102.
Dam construction can have significant effects on downstream floodplain environments in tropical Africa. The impacts of river control on floodplain forests in the Tana River Valley in Kenya, and on floodplain agriculture in the Sokoto River Valley in Nigeria are described. The extent to which downstream impacts were understood or predicted in these case studies are described, and the implications of this for environmental appraisal in project planning are assessed. 相似文献
103.
Remote sensing techniques and data may be subdivided into three principal types according to how they are used: (1) defining techniques help to define unit boundaries and extent; (2) characterizing techniques allow classification and characterization of physical features, lithology, or chemical composition; (3) supporting techniques provide additional useful information but are not fundamental to the definition or characterization of units. Defined units represent a fundamental subdivision of the rocks in a planetary crust and thus represent processes and sequences of events. The definition and characterization of units provides a framework for the interpretation of planetary processes and history. Detailed consideration of unit definition and characterization is presented using the mare deposits of the Imbrium basin as an example. This example provides guidelines for the utilization of remote sensing techniques in geologic mapping of the Moon and other planets. 相似文献
104.
A new method for computing potential magnetic field configurations in the solar atmosphere is described. A discrete approximation to Laplace's equation is solved in the domain R
r R
1, 0 , 0 2 (R
1being an arbitrary radial distance from the solar center). The method utilizes the measured line-of-sight magnetic fields directly as the boundary condition at the solar surface and constrains the field to become radial at the outer boundary, R
1. First the differential equation and boundary conditions are reduced to a set of two-dimensional equations in r, by Fourier transforming out the periodic dependence. Next each transformed boundary condition is converted to a Dirichlet surface condition. Then each two-dimensional equation with standard Dirichlet-Dirichlet boundary conditions is solved for the Fourier coefficient it determines. Finally, the solution of the original three dimensional equation is obtained through inverse Fourier transformation. The primary numerical tools in this technique are the use of a finite fast Fourier transform technique and also a generalized cyclic reduction algorithm developed at NCAR. Any extraneous monopole component present in the data can be removed if so desired.The code was developed for the HAO solar-interplanetary modeling effort in response to the following specific requirements:
相似文献
(1) | High resolution. |
(2) | Speed in computation. |
(3) | Sufficiently accurate solutions of Laplace's equation at all heights. |
105.
J. L. Stevens I. I. Divnov D. A. Adams J. R. Murphy V. N. Bourchik 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2002,159(5):1045-1062
—?The Institute for the Dynamics of the Geospheres (IDG) in Moscow, Russia, contains an archive of infrasound recordings from Soviet atmospheric nuclear tests that were conducted in 1957 and 1961, and has digitized the highest quality records from this data set. We have measured the infrasound signals from these records and compared them with previously developed scaling and attenuation relations. We find that the data are in best agreement with a scaling and attenuation relation developed by the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) which can be written as logP = 3.37 + 0.68 logW? 1.36logR where P is zero to peak pressure amplitude in Pascals, W is the yield in kilotons, and R is the source to receiver distance in kilometers. We use the scaling relations to define an infrasound magnitude, and to estimate the detection capability of the International Monitoring System (IMS) being developed as part of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). The detection threshold for the proposed 60-station IMS network is estimated to be slightly higher than the CTBT design goal of 1 kiloton in some locations. 相似文献
106.
107.
Adams J Houde M Muir D Speakman T Bossart G Fair P 《Marine environmental research》2008,66(4):430-437
The distribution of perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) in the environment is well documented with higher concentrations observed in wildlife located in industrial and urban areas. This study examined the distribution of PFCs in relation to land use using blood samples collected from bottlenose dolphins during capture-release health assessment surveys conducted in Charleston, SC. The study area was partitioned into three subareas (ACW, CHS, and SRE) based upon habitat and land use characteristics. The ACW and CHS subareas are characterized by high degrees of industrial and urban land uses, while the SRE subarea is more residential and characterized by a lower degree of developed land use. Long-term monitoring data from photo-identification surveys were used to group bottlenose dolphins based on their proportions of sightings in the different subareas. Dolphins affiliated with both the ACW and CHS subareas were observed to have significantly higher mean plasma concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA) than those affiliated with the SRE subarea. Dolphins affiliated with the ACW subarea were found to have a significantly higher mean plasma concentration of PFUnA than those affiliated with the CHS subarea. Further examination of the distribution of the PFCs revealed positive correlations with developed land uses and negative correlations with wetland/marsh land cover. A positive correlation was also observed between PFUnA and agricultural land use. The variability and scale of the observed contaminant burdens have important implications for the conservation and management of living marine resources and illustrates the importance of long-term monitoring of free-ranging wildlife species. 相似文献
108.
Carbon dioxide records from polar ice cores and marine ocean sediments indicate that the last glacial maximum (LGM) atmosphere CO2 content was 80–90 ppm lower than the mid-Holocene. This represents a transfer of over 160 GtC into the atmosphere since the LGM. Palaeovegetation studies suggest that up to 1350 GtC was transferred from the oceans to the terrestrial biosphere at the end of the last glacial. Evidence from carbon isotopes in deep sea sediments, however, indicates a smaller shift of between 400 and 700 GtC. To understand the functioning of the carbon cycle this apparent discrepancy needs to be resolved. Thus, older data have been reassessed, new data provided and the potential errors of both methods estimated. New estimates of the expansion of terrestrial biomass between the LGM and mid-Holocene are 700 GtC ± > 300 GtC, using the ocean carbon isotope-based method, compared with of 1100 GtC ± > 500 GtC using the palaeovegetation estimate. If these estimates of the carbon shift to the terrestrial biosphere are equilibrated with the dissolved carbon in the oceans, and the CaCO3 compensation of the ocean is taken into account, then the glacial atmospheric CO2 would have been between 50 (± 30) ppm and 95 (± 50) ppm higher. The glacial atmosphere therefore should have had a CO2 partial pressure of between 330 and 375 μatm. Hence, a rise of between 130 and 175 μatm in atmospheric CO2 , rather than 80 μatm, at the end of the last glacial must be accounted for. 相似文献
109.
110.
Aaron J. Adams R. Kirby Wolfe William E. Pine Bridget L. Thornton 《Estuaries and Coasts》2006,29(2):311-317
Many marine fishes use spatially distinct habitats as juveniles and adults. Determining which juvenile habitats are most important
to sustaining adult populations (i.e., which habitats are nurseries) has proven difficult, in part due to challenges in estimating
survival of juveniles in putative nursery habitats. Recent technological advances have made largescale tagging efforts a viable
approach to estimating survival of juvenile fishes by increasing recapture rates and enabling the use of individual-identification
tags. These techniques, using Passive Integrated transponder (PIT) tags and autonomous antenna detection systems (antenna),
have been successfully applied in freshwater environments. This paper reports the adaptation of these techniques to estuarine
mangrove creeks (salinity: 2–28‰) for research of the juvenile life stage on an estuarine-dependent marine fish,Centropomus undecimalis. Retention rate of PIT tags in juveniles >120 mm standard length was 100%, with no mortality. The antenna detection field
covered 48% of the creek water column, and the antenna was experimentally determined to detect approximately 67% of tagged
fish that swam through. Overall recapture rate of tagged fish by the antenna was >40%. This recapture rate is higher than
the sparse data typical of traditional tag-recapture studies. A time-dependent Jolly-Seber model was fit to the data, providing
estimates of capture probability (0.8) and weekly apparent survival (0.41) that will be invaluable in comparing juvenile habitats
of different quality (e.g., natural versus anthropogenically degraded). This research demonstrates the viability of this approach
to fish research in estuarine habitats. 相似文献